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AĞ TOPLUMUNUN BAŞKA BİR YÜZÜ: AVATAR AKTİVİZMİ ve JOKER (2019) İMGELEMİ

Year 2021, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 505 - 520, 01.04.2021

Abstract

2019 senesinde gösterime giren Joker filmi, küresel çapta izleyici kitlesine ulaşmış olan popüler bir sinema filmidir. Filmin gösterime girdiği sene, Joker (2019) filminin başrolündeki Joker karakterinin yüz boyası, maskesi ve kostümü farklı ülkelerde gerçekleşen eylemlerde eylemciler tarafından Avatar aktivizmi kapsamında kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Bu çalışmanın teorik kısmında, Castells’in Ağ Toplumu yaklaşımı benimsenerek, Avatar aktivizminin yerel ve küresel çaptaki iletişim boyutu ve etki alanı ele alınmakta ve Joker (2019) karakteri özelinde irdelenmektedir. Çalışmada, eylemcilerin Avatar aktivizmi ile, görmezden gelinen sorunlarını daha görünür kılmayı, yerel ve küresel ölçekteki kitlelere seslerini duyurmayı ve medyanın eylemlere olan ilgisini daha uzun süre canlı tutmayı amaçlaması bir iletişim taktiği olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Bu kapsamda, çalışmada Lübnan, Şili ve Çin’de gerçekleşen eylemlere, Avatar aktivizmi kapsamında Joker yüz boyası, maskesi veya kostümüyle katılan eylemcilerin, bu görünümü tercih etmelerinin nedenleri ve amaçları üzerine gazetelere ve medya kuruluşlarına yaptıkları açıklamalar nitel bir veri analizi yöntemi olan doküman analizi ile incelemeye tabi tutulmuş ve ilgili açıklamalardan doğrudan alıntılar yapılarak çalışmanın teorik ve kavramsal alt yapısı desteklenmiştir. Bu çalışma sonucunda, 2019’da Lübnan, Şili ve Çin’de eylemlere katılan eylemcilerin Joker görünümünü tercih etme neden ve amaçlarına ilişkin benzer açıklamalar yaptığı ve Avatar aktivizmi kapsamında, Joker görünümü ile görmezden gelinen sorunlarını daha görünür kılmayı amaçladıkları ortaya konmaktadır.

References

  • Beer, Andres, (2018). “Just(ice) Smiling? Masks and Masking in the Occupy-Wall Street Protests”, European Journal of American Studies, 13(4), s. 1-14.
  • Billington Rosamund, Strawbridge Sheelagh, Greensides Lenore, Fitzsimon Annette, (2010). “Kültürü Tanımlamak”, Anthony Giddens (der.), Sosyoloji Başlangıç Okumaları. İstanbul: Say Yayınları, s. 33-40.
  • Brough, M. M. ve Shrestova, S., (2012). “Fandom Meets Activism: Rethinking Civic and Political Participation”, Transformative Works and Cultures, no. 10, s. 1-27.
  • Castells, Manuel, (2008). Enformasyon Çağı: Ekonomi, Toplum ve Kültür, Cilt 1: Ağ Toplumunun Yükselişi, İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Castells, Manuel, (2016). İletişimin Gücü, İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Castells, Manuel, (2013). İsyan ve Umut Ağları İnternet Çağında Toplumsal Hareketler, İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları.
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  • Duffett, Mark, (2013). Understanding Fandom: An Introduction to the Study of Media Fan Culture. ABD: Bloomsbury Academic.
  • Eraydın, Galip, (2019). “Ağ Toplumu’nda Farkındalığa Davet Eden Kitap: ‘İletişim Gücü’”, Etkileşim Dergisi, 2 (3), 218-223. Held, D., McGrew A., Goldblatt D., ve Perraton J., “Küreselleşme”, Anthony Giddens (der.), Sosyoloji: Başlangıç Okumaları, İstanbul: Say Yayınları, s. 71-77.
  • Hürriyet Gazetesi (2019), https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/dunya/hong-kongda-maske-yasagi-protestolari-suruyor-41345133. Erişim Tarihi: 04 Şubat 2021.
  • Iannelli, Laura, (2016). Hybrid Politics: Media and Participation, London: Sage.
  • Jasper, J. M., (2017). Protesto. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Jenkins, Henry, (2010). “Avatar Activism.”, https://mondediplo.com/2010/09/15avatar. Erişim Tarihi: 04 Şubat 2021.
  • Jenkins, Henry, (2016). By Any Media Necessary: The New Youth Activism, New York: New York University Press.
  • Jenkins, H., Ford, S., ve Green, J., (2018). Spreadable Media: Creating Value and Meaning in a Networked Culture, New York: New York University Press.
  • Kaur, Harmeet, (2019). “In Protests Around the World, One Image Stands Out: The Joker”, https://edition.cnn.com/2019/11/03/world/joker-global-protests-trnd/index.html. Erişim Tarihi: 04 Şubat 2021.
  • Kohns, Oliver, (2013). “Guy Fawkes in the 21st Century A Contribution to the Political Iconography of Revolt.”, Image & Narrative, 14 (1), s. 89-104.
  • Lavender, Andy, (2019). “Theatricalizing Protest.”, Performance Research, 24 (8), s. 4-11.
  • Mackenzie, Laura, (2020). “Joker, a Serious Symbol of Lebanon Protests”, https://wired.me/culture/lebanon-protests-beirut-joker/. Erişim Tarihi: 04 Şubat 2021.
  • McGarry, Aidan, (2019). “The Joker to Guy Fawkes: Why Protesters Around the World are Wearing the Same Masks”, http://theconversation.com/the-joker-to-guy-fawkes-why-protesters-around-the-world-are-wearing-the-same-masks-126458. Erişim Tarihi: 04 Şubat 2021.
  • McGarry, Aidan, (2020). “Protest Movements and Transformation”, https://www.fabrikzeitung.ch/behind-the-mask-protest-movements-and-transformation/#/. Erişim Tarihi: 04 Şubat 2021.
  • Mora, Isabel Ruiz, Amat, Joan Ramon Rodriguez, (2018). “Hiding Our Faces To Be Seen: Strategies Of Visibility Of Activism”, https://riuma.uma.es/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10630/16884/Poster_v2.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. Erişim Tarihi: 04 Şubat 2021.
  • Mounier, Jean-Luc, (2019). “From Beirut to Hong Kong, the Face of the Joker is Appearing in Demonstrations”, https://www.france24.com/en/20191024-from-beirut-to-hong-kong-the-face-of-the-joker-is-emerging-in-demonstrations. Erişim Tarihi: 04 Şubat 2021.
  • Riisgaard, L. ve Thomassen, B., (2016). “Powers of the Mask: Political Subjectivation and Rites of Participation in Local-Global Protest”, Theory, Culture & Society, 33 (6), s. 75–98.
  • Ruiz, Pollyanna, (2013). “Revealing Power: Masked Protest and the Blank Figure”, Cultural Politics, 9 (3), s. 263-279. SBS News (2019), https://www.sbs.com.au/news/tear-gas-and-costumes-as-hong-kong-protesters-don-halloween-masks-in-defiance-of-face-covering-ban. Erişim Tarihi: 04 Şubat 2021.
  • Stevenson, Nick, (2006). Medya Kültürleri Sosyal Teori ve Kitle İletişimi, Ankara: Ütopya Yayınevi.
  • Suazo, Camilo, (2019). “Los Cosplays Que Han Salido a Las Calles Durante Las Manifestaciones en Nuestro País”, https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/sociedad/viral/2019/10/23/los-cosplays-que-han-salido-a-las-calles-durante-las-manifestaciones-en-nuestro-pais.shtml. Erişim Tarihi: 04 Şubat 2021.
  • The Public’s Radio (2019), https://thepublicsradio.org/article/chile-scraps-asia-pacific-and-climate-summits-amid-protests. Erişim Tarihi: 04 Şubat 2021.
  • Thompson, John, B., (2010). “Kitle İletişimi, Simgesel Mallar ve Medya Ürünleri”, Anthony Giddens (der.), Sosyoloji Başlangıç Okumaları, İstanbul: Say Yayınları, s. 418-423.
  • Zacharek, Stephanie, (2019). “With this Joker, the Joke is On Us”, Time International (South Pacific Edition), 194 (14), s. 49–51.
  • URL-1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KStnbXWfnuk (Erişim Tarihi: 21.11.2020)
  • URL-2 https://riuma.uma.es/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10630/16884/Poster_v2.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y (Erişim Tarihi: 21.11. 2020)
  • URL-3 http://theconversation.com/the-joker-to-guy-fawkes-why-protesters-around-the-world-are-wearing-the-same-masks-126458 (Erişim Tarihi: 21.09.2020)
  • URL-4 https://edition.cnn.com/2019/11/03/world/joker-global-protests-trnd/index.html (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2020)
  • URL-5 https://www.france24.com/en/20191024-from-beirut-to-hong-kong-the-face-of-the-joker-is-emerging-in-demonstrations (Erişim Tarihi: 21.10.2020)
  • URL-6 https://twitter.com/helenrsullivan/status/1185201558616715264 (Erişim Tarihi: 21.09.2020)
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  • URL-8 https://wired.me/culture/lebanon-protests-beirut-joker/ (Erişim Tarihi: 23.09.2020)
  • URL-9 https://edition.cnn.com/2019/11/03/world/joker-global-protests-trnd/index.html (Erişim Tarihi: 23.09.2020)
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  • URL-12 https://edition.cnn.com/2019/11/03/world/joker-global-protests-trnd/index.html (Erişim Tarihi: 23.09.2020)
  • URL-13 https://thepublicsradio.org/article/chile-scraps-asia-pacific-and-climate-summits-amid-protests (Erişim Tarihi: 15.09.2020)
  • URL-14 https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/sociedad/viral/2019/10/23/los-cosplays-que-han-salido-a-las-calles-durante-las-manifestaciones-en-nuestro-pais.shtml (Erişim Tarihi: 23.09.2020)
  • URL-15 https://www.sbs.com.au/news/tear-gas-and-costumes-as-hong-kong-protesters-don-halloween-masks-in-defiance-of-face-covering-ban (Erişim Tarihi: 22.09.2020)
  • URL-16 https://edition.cnn.com/2019/10/29/asia/hong-kong-protests-joker-intl-hnk-scli/index.html (Erişim Tarihi: 22.09.2020)
  • URL-17 https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/dunya/hong-kongda-maske-yasagi-protestolari-suruyor-41345133 (Erişim Tarihi: 17.08.2020)
  • URL-18 https://edition.cnn.com/2019/11/03/world/joker-global-protests-trnd/index.html (Erişim Tarihi: 16.09.2020)
  • URL-19 https://www.sbs.com.au/news/tear-gas-and-costumes-as-hong-kong-protesters-don-halloween-masks-in-defiance-of-face-covering-ban (Erişim Tarihi: 14.09.2020)
  • URL-20 https://www.sbs.com.au/news/tear-gas-and-costumes-as-hong-kong-protesters-don-halloween-masks-in-defiance-of-face-covering-ban (Erişim Tarihi: 23.09.2020)
  • URL-21 https://edition.cnn.com/2019/11/03/world/joker-global-protests-trnd/index.html (Erişim Tarihi: 23.09.2020)

ANOTHER FACE OF THE NETWORK SOCIETY: AVATAR ACTIVISM AND JOKER (2019) IMAGERY

Year 2021, Volume: 11 Issue: 2, 505 - 520, 01.04.2021

Abstract

Joker which was released in 2019 is a popular movie that has reached the global audience. In the same year, the face paint, mask and costume of the Joker character who is in the leading role of the movie Joker (2019) was used by the activists in the protests that took place in different countries. In the theoretical part of this study, by adopting Manuel Castells’ approach which is named as the Network Society, the local and global communication dimensions and influence of Avatar activism are discussed and examined through the character of Joker (2019). In this study, it is revealed that, by using Avatar Activism as a communication tactic, the activists aim to make their neglected problems more visible, to make their voices heard by local and global masses, and to keep the media’s interest in the protests alive for longer. In this context, the statements made by the activists who participated in the actions taking place in Lebanon, Chile and China with Joker face paint, mask or costume within the scope of Avatar activism to newspapers and media outlets on the reasons and purposes of their preference for this appearance were subjected to examination by document analysis, which is a qualitative data analysis method, and the theoretical and conceptual infrastructure of the study was supported by direct quotations from related explanations. As a result of this study, it is revealed that in 2019, activists participating in protests in Lebanon, Chile and China made similar statements about the reasons and purposes of preferring the Joker appearance, and within the scope of Avatar activism, they aim to express their neglected problems and make them more visible through the Joker appearance.

References

  • Beer, Andres, (2018). “Just(ice) Smiling? Masks and Masking in the Occupy-Wall Street Protests”, European Journal of American Studies, 13(4), s. 1-14.
  • Billington Rosamund, Strawbridge Sheelagh, Greensides Lenore, Fitzsimon Annette, (2010). “Kültürü Tanımlamak”, Anthony Giddens (der.), Sosyoloji Başlangıç Okumaları. İstanbul: Say Yayınları, s. 33-40.
  • Brough, M. M. ve Shrestova, S., (2012). “Fandom Meets Activism: Rethinking Civic and Political Participation”, Transformative Works and Cultures, no. 10, s. 1-27.
  • Castells, Manuel, (2008). Enformasyon Çağı: Ekonomi, Toplum ve Kültür, Cilt 1: Ağ Toplumunun Yükselişi, İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Castells, Manuel, (2016). İletişimin Gücü, İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Castells, Manuel, (2013). İsyan ve Umut Ağları İnternet Çağında Toplumsal Hareketler, İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Clarke, Laurie, (2020). “Why Joker Masks are the Perfect Political Protest Symbol?”, https://www.wired.co.uk/article/joker-masks-protests. Erişim Tarihi: 04 Şubat 2021.
  • Duffett, Mark, (2013). Understanding Fandom: An Introduction to the Study of Media Fan Culture. ABD: Bloomsbury Academic.
  • Eraydın, Galip, (2019). “Ağ Toplumu’nda Farkındalığa Davet Eden Kitap: ‘İletişim Gücü’”, Etkileşim Dergisi, 2 (3), 218-223. Held, D., McGrew A., Goldblatt D., ve Perraton J., “Küreselleşme”, Anthony Giddens (der.), Sosyoloji: Başlangıç Okumaları, İstanbul: Say Yayınları, s. 71-77.
  • Hürriyet Gazetesi (2019), https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/dunya/hong-kongda-maske-yasagi-protestolari-suruyor-41345133. Erişim Tarihi: 04 Şubat 2021.
  • Iannelli, Laura, (2016). Hybrid Politics: Media and Participation, London: Sage.
  • Jasper, J. M., (2017). Protesto. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Jenkins, Henry, (2010). “Avatar Activism.”, https://mondediplo.com/2010/09/15avatar. Erişim Tarihi: 04 Şubat 2021.
  • Jenkins, Henry, (2016). By Any Media Necessary: The New Youth Activism, New York: New York University Press.
  • Jenkins, H., Ford, S., ve Green, J., (2018). Spreadable Media: Creating Value and Meaning in a Networked Culture, New York: New York University Press.
  • Kaur, Harmeet, (2019). “In Protests Around the World, One Image Stands Out: The Joker”, https://edition.cnn.com/2019/11/03/world/joker-global-protests-trnd/index.html. Erişim Tarihi: 04 Şubat 2021.
  • Kohns, Oliver, (2013). “Guy Fawkes in the 21st Century A Contribution to the Political Iconography of Revolt.”, Image & Narrative, 14 (1), s. 89-104.
  • Lavender, Andy, (2019). “Theatricalizing Protest.”, Performance Research, 24 (8), s. 4-11.
  • Mackenzie, Laura, (2020). “Joker, a Serious Symbol of Lebanon Protests”, https://wired.me/culture/lebanon-protests-beirut-joker/. Erişim Tarihi: 04 Şubat 2021.
  • McGarry, Aidan, (2019). “The Joker to Guy Fawkes: Why Protesters Around the World are Wearing the Same Masks”, http://theconversation.com/the-joker-to-guy-fawkes-why-protesters-around-the-world-are-wearing-the-same-masks-126458. Erişim Tarihi: 04 Şubat 2021.
  • McGarry, Aidan, (2020). “Protest Movements and Transformation”, https://www.fabrikzeitung.ch/behind-the-mask-protest-movements-and-transformation/#/. Erişim Tarihi: 04 Şubat 2021.
  • Mora, Isabel Ruiz, Amat, Joan Ramon Rodriguez, (2018). “Hiding Our Faces To Be Seen: Strategies Of Visibility Of Activism”, https://riuma.uma.es/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10630/16884/Poster_v2.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. Erişim Tarihi: 04 Şubat 2021.
  • Mounier, Jean-Luc, (2019). “From Beirut to Hong Kong, the Face of the Joker is Appearing in Demonstrations”, https://www.france24.com/en/20191024-from-beirut-to-hong-kong-the-face-of-the-joker-is-emerging-in-demonstrations. Erişim Tarihi: 04 Şubat 2021.
  • Riisgaard, L. ve Thomassen, B., (2016). “Powers of the Mask: Political Subjectivation and Rites of Participation in Local-Global Protest”, Theory, Culture & Society, 33 (6), s. 75–98.
  • Ruiz, Pollyanna, (2013). “Revealing Power: Masked Protest and the Blank Figure”, Cultural Politics, 9 (3), s. 263-279. SBS News (2019), https://www.sbs.com.au/news/tear-gas-and-costumes-as-hong-kong-protesters-don-halloween-masks-in-defiance-of-face-covering-ban. Erişim Tarihi: 04 Şubat 2021.
  • Stevenson, Nick, (2006). Medya Kültürleri Sosyal Teori ve Kitle İletişimi, Ankara: Ütopya Yayınevi.
  • Suazo, Camilo, (2019). “Los Cosplays Que Han Salido a Las Calles Durante Las Manifestaciones en Nuestro País”, https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/sociedad/viral/2019/10/23/los-cosplays-que-han-salido-a-las-calles-durante-las-manifestaciones-en-nuestro-pais.shtml. Erişim Tarihi: 04 Şubat 2021.
  • The Public’s Radio (2019), https://thepublicsradio.org/article/chile-scraps-asia-pacific-and-climate-summits-amid-protests. Erişim Tarihi: 04 Şubat 2021.
  • Thompson, John, B., (2010). “Kitle İletişimi, Simgesel Mallar ve Medya Ürünleri”, Anthony Giddens (der.), Sosyoloji Başlangıç Okumaları, İstanbul: Say Yayınları, s. 418-423.
  • Zacharek, Stephanie, (2019). “With this Joker, the Joke is On Us”, Time International (South Pacific Edition), 194 (14), s. 49–51.
  • URL-1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KStnbXWfnuk (Erişim Tarihi: 21.11.2020)
  • URL-2 https://riuma.uma.es/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10630/16884/Poster_v2.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y (Erişim Tarihi: 21.11. 2020)
  • URL-3 http://theconversation.com/the-joker-to-guy-fawkes-why-protesters-around-the-world-are-wearing-the-same-masks-126458 (Erişim Tarihi: 21.09.2020)
  • URL-4 https://edition.cnn.com/2019/11/03/world/joker-global-protests-trnd/index.html (Erişim Tarihi: 22.10.2020)
  • URL-5 https://www.france24.com/en/20191024-from-beirut-to-hong-kong-the-face-of-the-joker-is-emerging-in-demonstrations (Erişim Tarihi: 21.10.2020)
  • URL-6 https://twitter.com/helenrsullivan/status/1185201558616715264 (Erişim Tarihi: 21.09.2020)
  • URL-7 https://www.france24.com/en/20191024-from-beirut-to-hong-kong-the-face-of-the-joker-is-emerging-in-demonstrations (Erişim Tarihi: 23.09.2020)
  • URL-8 https://wired.me/culture/lebanon-protests-beirut-joker/ (Erişim Tarihi: 23.09.2020)
  • URL-9 https://edition.cnn.com/2019/11/03/world/joker-global-protests-trnd/index.html (Erişim Tarihi: 23.09.2020)
  • URL-10 https://edition.cnn.com/2019/11/03/world/joker-global-protests-trnd/index.html (Erişim Tarihi: 23.09.2020)
  • URL-11 https://edition.cnn.com/2019/11/03/world/joker-global-protests-trnd/index.html (Erişim Tarihi: 23.09.2020)
  • URL-12 https://edition.cnn.com/2019/11/03/world/joker-global-protests-trnd/index.html (Erişim Tarihi: 23.09.2020)
  • URL-13 https://thepublicsradio.org/article/chile-scraps-asia-pacific-and-climate-summits-amid-protests (Erişim Tarihi: 15.09.2020)
  • URL-14 https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/sociedad/viral/2019/10/23/los-cosplays-que-han-salido-a-las-calles-durante-las-manifestaciones-en-nuestro-pais.shtml (Erişim Tarihi: 23.09.2020)
  • URL-15 https://www.sbs.com.au/news/tear-gas-and-costumes-as-hong-kong-protesters-don-halloween-masks-in-defiance-of-face-covering-ban (Erişim Tarihi: 22.09.2020)
  • URL-16 https://edition.cnn.com/2019/10/29/asia/hong-kong-protests-joker-intl-hnk-scli/index.html (Erişim Tarihi: 22.09.2020)
  • URL-17 https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/dunya/hong-kongda-maske-yasagi-protestolari-suruyor-41345133 (Erişim Tarihi: 17.08.2020)
  • URL-18 https://edition.cnn.com/2019/11/03/world/joker-global-protests-trnd/index.html (Erişim Tarihi: 16.09.2020)
  • URL-19 https://www.sbs.com.au/news/tear-gas-and-costumes-as-hong-kong-protesters-don-halloween-masks-in-defiance-of-face-covering-ban (Erişim Tarihi: 14.09.2020)
  • URL-20 https://www.sbs.com.au/news/tear-gas-and-costumes-as-hong-kong-protesters-don-halloween-masks-in-defiance-of-face-covering-ban (Erişim Tarihi: 23.09.2020)
  • URL-21 https://edition.cnn.com/2019/11/03/world/joker-global-protests-trnd/index.html (Erişim Tarihi: 23.09.2020)
There are 51 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Gözde Kurt 0000-0001-7358-9475

Ahmet İlkay Ceyhan 0000-0002-1414-9805

Publication Date April 1, 2021
Submission Date February 4, 2021
Acceptance Date March 3, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 11 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Kurt, G., & Ceyhan, A. İ. (2021). AĞ TOPLUMUNUN BAŞKA BİR YÜZÜ: AVATAR AKTİVİZMİ ve JOKER (2019) İMGELEMİ. Turkish Online Journal of Design Art and Communication, 11(2), 505-520.


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