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ZAMAN ORYANTASYONU İLE TÜKETİCİ YENİLİKÇİLİĞİ ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİ: TÜRKİYE VE İRAN ÖRNEĞİ

Year 2017, 22. UPK Ahmet Hamdi İSLAMOĞLU Special Issue, 209 - 222, 31.12.2017
https://doi.org/10.18092/ulikidince.348341

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı tüketicilerin
zaman oryantasyonu (geçmiş, şimdiki, gelecek) ile tüketici yenililikçiliği
arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Zaman oryantasyonu, geçmiş, bugün ve geleceğe
yönelik genel bir yönelimdir. Tüketici yenilikçiliği, değişime yönelik eğilimi
yansıtan kişisel bir profildir. Türkiye (n=229) ve İran (n=312) ‘dan toplamda
541 katılımcı çalışmanın örneklemini oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmanın sonuçlarına
göre, tüketicilerin geçmiş ve gelecek oryantasyonu ile tüketici yenilikçiliği
arasında negatif bir ilişki olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Ayrıca, iki ülke arasında
geçmiş oryantasyon, şimdiki oryantasyon ve tüketici yenilikçiliği değişkenleri
açısından aralarında anlamlı bir farklılık olduğu görülmüştür. Bununla
birlikte, İranlı katılımcıların gelecek oryantasyonları Türk katılımcılarından
yüksek iken; Türk katılımcıların geçmiş oryantasyon, şimdiki oryantasyon ve
tüketici yenilikçiliği değişkenleri bakımından algı düzeyleri daha yüksek
çıkmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarının, pazarlama yöneticilerinin tüketici
davranışlarını anlamalarına katkıda bulunması beklenmektedir.

References

  • Aaker. D. A., and Keller, KL. (1990). Consumer evaluations of brand extension. Journal of Marketing, 54, 27-41.
  • Ali Abu-Rahma, Bushra Jaleel, (2017) "Influence of managers’ time orientation on strategic practices in the UAE: The moderating role of environmental uncertainty", International Journal of Emerging Markets, Vol. 12 Issue: 2, pp.219-237, https://doi.org/10.1108/IJoEM-01-2015-0011
  • Altaf Merchant, and K. Sivakumar (2011), “Erratum to: Relationships Among Time Orientation, Consumer Innovativeness, and Innovative Behavior: The Moderating Role of Product Characteristics,” Academy of Marketing Science Review, 1 (2), 99–116.
  • Amirshahi, M., Yazdani, H. R., & Aulipour, E. (2014). Investigation of Green Marketing Tools' Effect on Consumers' Behavior among Members of Social Networks in Iran. New Marketing Research Journal, 3(4).
  • Beek, J., Handgraaf, M. J., & Antonides, G. (2017). Time orientation and construal level: effects on eating and exercising behaviour and preferences. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 41(1), 54-60.
  • Cowart, K O, Fox G L & Wilson A E 2008, "A Structural Look at Consumer Innovativeness and Self-Congruence in New Product Purchases", Psychology & Marketing, Vol. 25, No. 12, pp.1111-1130.
  • Foxall, G., R., and Goldsmith R. E. (2003). The measurment of innovativeness, in L V Shavinina. The International Handbook on Innovation, Elsevier Science Ltd, pp.321-328.
  • Graham, Robert J.(1981),‘‘The Role of Perception of Time in Consumer Research,’’ Journal of Consumer Research, 7 (March), 335-42.
  • Green, E. G., Deschamps, J. C., & Páez, D. (2005). Variation of individualism and collectivism within and between 20 countries a typological analysis. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36, 321–339. doi:10.1177/0022022104273654
  • Harber, Kent D., Phillip G. Zimbardo, and John N. Boyd (2003), “Participant Self-Selection Biases as a Function of Individual Differences in Time Perspective,” Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 25 (3), 255–264.
  • Hart, D. N. (1997). Dendritic cells: unique leukocyte populations which control the primary immune response. Blood, 90(9), 3245-3287.
  • Hauser, J., Tellis, G. J., and Griffin, A. (2006). Research on innovation: a review and agenda for marketing science. Journal of Marketing science, 25, 687–717.
  • Heidenreich, S., and Spieth, P. (2013). Why innovations fail the case of passive and active innovation resistance. International Journal of Innovation Management, 17(5), 1–42.
  • Hirschman, E. C. (1980). Innovativeness, novelty seeking and consumer creativity. Journal of Consumer Research, 7, 283–295.
  • Hirunyawipada, T., and Paswan, A. K. (2006). Consumer innovativeness and perceived risk: implications for high technology product adoption. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 23(4), 182–198.
  • Hodgins, David C., and Amy Engel (2002), “Future Time Perspective in Pathological Gamblers,” Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 190 (11), 775–780.
  • Hofstede Center (2017a). Scores for long term orientation for Turkey and Iran. Retrieved from http://geert-hofstede.com/turkey/iran.html.
  • Hofstede Center (2017b). Scores for individualism for Turkey and Iran. Retrieved from http://geert-hofstede.com/turkey/iran.html.
  • Hofstede, G. (1991),Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind, London: McGraw-Hill.
  • Hofstede, G. 1984. The cultural relativity of the quality of life concept. Academy of Management Review 9(3):389–398.
  • Hong, J. C., Lin, P. H., & Hsieh, P. C. (2017). The effect of consumer innovativeness on perceived value and continuance intention to use smartwatch. Computers in Human Behavior, 67, 264-272.
  • Hussain, S., Rashidi, M., and Bukhari, F. (2014). Consumer innovativeness leading to innovation adoption. Journal of Business and Management, 6(27), 229–235.
  • Karande Kiran, Altaf Merchant, and K. Sivakumar (2011), “Erratum to: Relationships Among Time Orientation, Consumer Innovativeness, and Innovative Behavior: The Moderating Role of Product Characteristics,” Academy of Marketing Science Review, 1 (2), 99–116.
  • Karande Kiran, and Altaf Merchant (2012), “The Impact of Time and Planning Orientation on an Individual’s Recreational Shopper Identity and Shopping Behavior,” Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 20 (1), 59–72.
  • Kastenbaum, Robert J. (1961), “The Dimensions of Future Time Perspective: An Experimental Analysis,” Journal of General Psychology, 65 (2), 203–218.
  • Kaynak, E., Kara, A., & Apil, A. R. (2011). An investigation of people's time orientation, attitudes, and behavior toward advertising in an international context. Journal of Global Marketing, 24(5), 433-452.
  • Kelli A. Keough, and John N. Boyd (1997), “Present Time Perspective as a Predictor of Risky Driving,” Personality and Individual Differences, 23 (6), 1007–1023.
  • Kim, Y., Kim, S., & Rogol, E. (2017). The Effects of Consumer Innovativeness on Sport Team Applications Acceptance and Usage. Journal of Sport Management, 31(3), 241-255.
  • Koschate-Fischer, N., Hoyer, W. D., Stokburger-Sauer, N. E., & Engling, J. (2017). Do life events always lead to change in purchase? The mediating role of change in consumer innovativeness, the variety seeking tendency, and price consciousness. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 1-21.
  • Kościańska, A. (2004). Anti-Cult Movements and Governmental Reports on “Sects and Cults”. In Regulating Religion (pp. 267-277). Springer US.
  • Lennings, Christopher J., and Alisa M. Burns (1998), “Time Perspective: Temporal Extension, Time Extension and Impulsivity,” Journal of Psychology, 132 (July), 367–380.
  • Lewin, Kurt (1951), Field Theory in Social Science: Selected Theoretical Papers, New York: Harper and Brothers.
  • Low, B., and Alpert, F. (2015). Forecasting consumer perception of innovativeness, Journal of Technovation, 18(2), 1-14.
  • Makri, K., & Schlegelmilch, B. B. (2017). Time orientation and engagement with social networking sites: A cross-cultural study in Austria, China and Uruguay. Journal of Business Research.
  • Merchant, A., Rose, G., & Rose, M. (2014). The impact of time orientation on consumer innovativeness in the United States and India. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 22(3), 325-338.
  • Merchant, Altaf, John B. Ford, and Gregory M. Rose (2011), “How Personal Nostalgia Influences Giving to Charity,” Journal of Business Research, 64 (June), 610–616.
  • Midgley, D. F., and Dowling, G. R. (1978). Innovativeness: the concept and its measurment. Journal of Consumer Researc.4(4),229-242
  • Murrell, Audrey, and Michael Mingrone (1994), “Correlates of Temporal Perspective,” Perceptual and Motor Skills, 78 (3), 1331–1334.
  • Oh, H. Y. (2016). Innovativeness or Confidence? The Effect of Consumer Innovativeness and Self-efficacy on the Acceptance and Diffusion of Innovative Technology. International Journal of Software Engineering and Its Applications, 10(8), 117-126.
  • Opeda, F. O. (2013). Impact of consumer innovativeness on shopping styles: A case-study of limkokwing university students (Botswana). Journal of Business and Management Horizons, 1(2), 107-117.
  • Park, J. E.,Yu, J., and Zhou, J. X. (2010). Consumer innovativeness and shopping styles. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 27 (5) 437-446.
  • Persaud, A., Persaud, A., Schillo, S. R., & Schillo, S. R. (2017). Purchasing organic products: role of social context and consumer innovativeness. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 35(1), 130-146.
  • Qian, J., Lin, X., Han, Z. R., Tian, B., Chen, G. Z., & Wang, H. (2015). The impact of future time orientation on employees’ feedback-seeking behavior from supervisors and co-workers: The mediating role of psychological ownership. Journal of Management & Organization, 21(3), 336-349.
  • Quoquab, F., Abdullah, N. L., & Mohammad, J. (2016). Investigating the effects of consumer innovativeness, service quality and service switching costs on service loyalty in the mobile phone service context. Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business, 18(1), 21.
  • Rašković, M., Ding, Z., Škare, V., Došen, Đ. O., & Žabkar, V. (2016). Comparing consumer innovativeness and ethnocentrism of young-adult consumers. Journal of Business Research, 69(9), 3682-3686.
  • Robinson, C., & Leonhardt, J. M. (2016). Consumer Innovativeness and Loyalty to Non-GMO Foods: The Role of Cognitive and Affective Beliefs. Journal of Food Products Marketing, 1-17.
  • Roehrich, G. (2004). Consumer innovativeness, Concepts and measurements. Journal of Business Research, 57(6), 671–677.
  • Seltene, M & Brunel, O. (2008). Brand extension: the moderating role of the category to whitch the brand extension is found. Journal of product & brand management, 17(6), 393-402.
  • Soltaninejad, N., Hagigig, M., Khanifar, H. (2014). Examining the effect of verbal advertisement on the preference of purchasing on the part of the university students: the balancing role of innovative consumer. Quarterly on new Marketing, 15, 21-42.
  • Sreejesh, S. (2011). Consumers' evaluation of brand extensions: An application of multiple-group causal models in assessing cross product category measurement equivalence. Journal of Business and Management Horizons, 36(2), 1-23.
  • Truong,Y. (2013). A cross-country study of consumer innovativeness and technological service innovation. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 20, 130-137.
  • Vandecasteele, B 2010, "Innovative Consumers: Who, Why, and How to Target?", A Doctor Dissertation, Ghent University.
  • Venkatraman, M. P., & Price, L. L. (1990). Differentiating between cognitive and sensory innovativeness: Concepts, measurement, and implications. Journal of Business Research, 20(4), 293-315.
  • Xie, Y. H. (2008). Consumer innovativeness and consumer acceptance of brand extensions. Journal of Product & Brand Management, Vol. 17, pp. 235–243.
  • Zimbardo, P. G. and Boyd, J. N. 1999. Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual-differences metric. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77(6):1271–1288.
  • Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (1999). Who's smoking, drinking, and using drugs? Time perspective as a predictor of substance use. Basic and applied social psychology, 21(2), 149-164.‏
  • Zimbardo, Philip (2002), “Time to Take Our Time,” Psychology Today, 35 (2), 62.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TIME ORIENTATION AND CONSUMER INNOVATIVENESS: THE CASE OF TURKEY AND IRAN

Year 2017, 22. UPK Ahmet Hamdi İSLAMOĞLU Special Issue, 209 - 222, 31.12.2017
https://doi.org/10.18092/ulikidince.348341

Abstract

The aim of this study is to investigate the
relationship between consumers’ time orientation (future, present, and past)
and consumer innovativeness.
Time orientation is a general orientation towards the
present or the future.
Consumer innovation is a personal profile which
reflects tendency towards change. The sample comprised of 541 participants from
Turkey (n=229) and Iran (n=312). The results suggest that future and past
orientation were negatively related to consumers’ innovativeness. The findings
also indicate that in terms of present orientation, past orientation and
consumer innovativeness, there is a significant difference among the countries.
Moreover, the degrees of future orientation in Iran participants higher than
Turkish participants while the degrees of past orientation, present orientation
and consumer innovativeness in Turkish respondents higher than Iran. The
research results can contribute to the marketing professionals for
understanding consumer behaviors. 

References

  • Aaker. D. A., and Keller, KL. (1990). Consumer evaluations of brand extension. Journal of Marketing, 54, 27-41.
  • Ali Abu-Rahma, Bushra Jaleel, (2017) "Influence of managers’ time orientation on strategic practices in the UAE: The moderating role of environmental uncertainty", International Journal of Emerging Markets, Vol. 12 Issue: 2, pp.219-237, https://doi.org/10.1108/IJoEM-01-2015-0011
  • Altaf Merchant, and K. Sivakumar (2011), “Erratum to: Relationships Among Time Orientation, Consumer Innovativeness, and Innovative Behavior: The Moderating Role of Product Characteristics,” Academy of Marketing Science Review, 1 (2), 99–116.
  • Amirshahi, M., Yazdani, H. R., & Aulipour, E. (2014). Investigation of Green Marketing Tools' Effect on Consumers' Behavior among Members of Social Networks in Iran. New Marketing Research Journal, 3(4).
  • Beek, J., Handgraaf, M. J., & Antonides, G. (2017). Time orientation and construal level: effects on eating and exercising behaviour and preferences. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 41(1), 54-60.
  • Cowart, K O, Fox G L & Wilson A E 2008, "A Structural Look at Consumer Innovativeness and Self-Congruence in New Product Purchases", Psychology & Marketing, Vol. 25, No. 12, pp.1111-1130.
  • Foxall, G., R., and Goldsmith R. E. (2003). The measurment of innovativeness, in L V Shavinina. The International Handbook on Innovation, Elsevier Science Ltd, pp.321-328.
  • Graham, Robert J.(1981),‘‘The Role of Perception of Time in Consumer Research,’’ Journal of Consumer Research, 7 (March), 335-42.
  • Green, E. G., Deschamps, J. C., & Páez, D. (2005). Variation of individualism and collectivism within and between 20 countries a typological analysis. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36, 321–339. doi:10.1177/0022022104273654
  • Harber, Kent D., Phillip G. Zimbardo, and John N. Boyd (2003), “Participant Self-Selection Biases as a Function of Individual Differences in Time Perspective,” Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 25 (3), 255–264.
  • Hart, D. N. (1997). Dendritic cells: unique leukocyte populations which control the primary immune response. Blood, 90(9), 3245-3287.
  • Hauser, J., Tellis, G. J., and Griffin, A. (2006). Research on innovation: a review and agenda for marketing science. Journal of Marketing science, 25, 687–717.
  • Heidenreich, S., and Spieth, P. (2013). Why innovations fail the case of passive and active innovation resistance. International Journal of Innovation Management, 17(5), 1–42.
  • Hirschman, E. C. (1980). Innovativeness, novelty seeking and consumer creativity. Journal of Consumer Research, 7, 283–295.
  • Hirunyawipada, T., and Paswan, A. K. (2006). Consumer innovativeness and perceived risk: implications for high technology product adoption. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 23(4), 182–198.
  • Hodgins, David C., and Amy Engel (2002), “Future Time Perspective in Pathological Gamblers,” Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 190 (11), 775–780.
  • Hofstede Center (2017a). Scores for long term orientation for Turkey and Iran. Retrieved from http://geert-hofstede.com/turkey/iran.html.
  • Hofstede Center (2017b). Scores for individualism for Turkey and Iran. Retrieved from http://geert-hofstede.com/turkey/iran.html.
  • Hofstede, G. (1991),Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind, London: McGraw-Hill.
  • Hofstede, G. 1984. The cultural relativity of the quality of life concept. Academy of Management Review 9(3):389–398.
  • Hong, J. C., Lin, P. H., & Hsieh, P. C. (2017). The effect of consumer innovativeness on perceived value and continuance intention to use smartwatch. Computers in Human Behavior, 67, 264-272.
  • Hussain, S., Rashidi, M., and Bukhari, F. (2014). Consumer innovativeness leading to innovation adoption. Journal of Business and Management, 6(27), 229–235.
  • Karande Kiran, Altaf Merchant, and K. Sivakumar (2011), “Erratum to: Relationships Among Time Orientation, Consumer Innovativeness, and Innovative Behavior: The Moderating Role of Product Characteristics,” Academy of Marketing Science Review, 1 (2), 99–116.
  • Karande Kiran, and Altaf Merchant (2012), “The Impact of Time and Planning Orientation on an Individual’s Recreational Shopper Identity and Shopping Behavior,” Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 20 (1), 59–72.
  • Kastenbaum, Robert J. (1961), “The Dimensions of Future Time Perspective: An Experimental Analysis,” Journal of General Psychology, 65 (2), 203–218.
  • Kaynak, E., Kara, A., & Apil, A. R. (2011). An investigation of people's time orientation, attitudes, and behavior toward advertising in an international context. Journal of Global Marketing, 24(5), 433-452.
  • Kelli A. Keough, and John N. Boyd (1997), “Present Time Perspective as a Predictor of Risky Driving,” Personality and Individual Differences, 23 (6), 1007–1023.
  • Kim, Y., Kim, S., & Rogol, E. (2017). The Effects of Consumer Innovativeness on Sport Team Applications Acceptance and Usage. Journal of Sport Management, 31(3), 241-255.
  • Koschate-Fischer, N., Hoyer, W. D., Stokburger-Sauer, N. E., & Engling, J. (2017). Do life events always lead to change in purchase? The mediating role of change in consumer innovativeness, the variety seeking tendency, and price consciousness. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 1-21.
  • Kościańska, A. (2004). Anti-Cult Movements and Governmental Reports on “Sects and Cults”. In Regulating Religion (pp. 267-277). Springer US.
  • Lennings, Christopher J., and Alisa M. Burns (1998), “Time Perspective: Temporal Extension, Time Extension and Impulsivity,” Journal of Psychology, 132 (July), 367–380.
  • Lewin, Kurt (1951), Field Theory in Social Science: Selected Theoretical Papers, New York: Harper and Brothers.
  • Low, B., and Alpert, F. (2015). Forecasting consumer perception of innovativeness, Journal of Technovation, 18(2), 1-14.
  • Makri, K., & Schlegelmilch, B. B. (2017). Time orientation and engagement with social networking sites: A cross-cultural study in Austria, China and Uruguay. Journal of Business Research.
  • Merchant, A., Rose, G., & Rose, M. (2014). The impact of time orientation on consumer innovativeness in the United States and India. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 22(3), 325-338.
  • Merchant, Altaf, John B. Ford, and Gregory M. Rose (2011), “How Personal Nostalgia Influences Giving to Charity,” Journal of Business Research, 64 (June), 610–616.
  • Midgley, D. F., and Dowling, G. R. (1978). Innovativeness: the concept and its measurment. Journal of Consumer Researc.4(4),229-242
  • Murrell, Audrey, and Michael Mingrone (1994), “Correlates of Temporal Perspective,” Perceptual and Motor Skills, 78 (3), 1331–1334.
  • Oh, H. Y. (2016). Innovativeness or Confidence? The Effect of Consumer Innovativeness and Self-efficacy on the Acceptance and Diffusion of Innovative Technology. International Journal of Software Engineering and Its Applications, 10(8), 117-126.
  • Opeda, F. O. (2013). Impact of consumer innovativeness on shopping styles: A case-study of limkokwing university students (Botswana). Journal of Business and Management Horizons, 1(2), 107-117.
  • Park, J. E.,Yu, J., and Zhou, J. X. (2010). Consumer innovativeness and shopping styles. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 27 (5) 437-446.
  • Persaud, A., Persaud, A., Schillo, S. R., & Schillo, S. R. (2017). Purchasing organic products: role of social context and consumer innovativeness. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 35(1), 130-146.
  • Qian, J., Lin, X., Han, Z. R., Tian, B., Chen, G. Z., & Wang, H. (2015). The impact of future time orientation on employees’ feedback-seeking behavior from supervisors and co-workers: The mediating role of psychological ownership. Journal of Management & Organization, 21(3), 336-349.
  • Quoquab, F., Abdullah, N. L., & Mohammad, J. (2016). Investigating the effects of consumer innovativeness, service quality and service switching costs on service loyalty in the mobile phone service context. Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business, 18(1), 21.
  • Rašković, M., Ding, Z., Škare, V., Došen, Đ. O., & Žabkar, V. (2016). Comparing consumer innovativeness and ethnocentrism of young-adult consumers. Journal of Business Research, 69(9), 3682-3686.
  • Robinson, C., & Leonhardt, J. M. (2016). Consumer Innovativeness and Loyalty to Non-GMO Foods: The Role of Cognitive and Affective Beliefs. Journal of Food Products Marketing, 1-17.
  • Roehrich, G. (2004). Consumer innovativeness, Concepts and measurements. Journal of Business Research, 57(6), 671–677.
  • Seltene, M & Brunel, O. (2008). Brand extension: the moderating role of the category to whitch the brand extension is found. Journal of product & brand management, 17(6), 393-402.
  • Soltaninejad, N., Hagigig, M., Khanifar, H. (2014). Examining the effect of verbal advertisement on the preference of purchasing on the part of the university students: the balancing role of innovative consumer. Quarterly on new Marketing, 15, 21-42.
  • Sreejesh, S. (2011). Consumers' evaluation of brand extensions: An application of multiple-group causal models in assessing cross product category measurement equivalence. Journal of Business and Management Horizons, 36(2), 1-23.
  • Truong,Y. (2013). A cross-country study of consumer innovativeness and technological service innovation. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 20, 130-137.
  • Vandecasteele, B 2010, "Innovative Consumers: Who, Why, and How to Target?", A Doctor Dissertation, Ghent University.
  • Venkatraman, M. P., & Price, L. L. (1990). Differentiating between cognitive and sensory innovativeness: Concepts, measurement, and implications. Journal of Business Research, 20(4), 293-315.
  • Xie, Y. H. (2008). Consumer innovativeness and consumer acceptance of brand extensions. Journal of Product & Brand Management, Vol. 17, pp. 235–243.
  • Zimbardo, P. G. and Boyd, J. N. 1999. Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual-differences metric. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77(6):1271–1288.
  • Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (1999). Who's smoking, drinking, and using drugs? Time perspective as a predictor of substance use. Basic and applied social psychology, 21(2), 149-164.‏
  • Zimbardo, Philip (2002), “Time to Take Our Time,” Psychology Today, 35 (2), 62.
There are 57 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Articles
Authors

Tevfik Şükrü Yapraklı

Ali Absalan

Musa Ünalan

Publication Date December 31, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 22. UPK Ahmet Hamdi İSLAMOĞLU Special Issue

Cite

APA Yapraklı, T. Ş., Absalan, A., & Ünalan, M. (2017). ZAMAN ORYANTASYONU İLE TÜKETİCİ YENİLİKÇİLİĞİ ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİ: TÜRKİYE VE İRAN ÖRNEĞİ. Uluslararası İktisadi Ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi209-222. https://doi.org/10.18092/ulikidince.348341

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