Öz
Bu çalışmada uzay araştırmaları alanında özel sektörün faaliyetleri ve payının arttırılmasının avantaj ve dezavantajları konusu değerlendirilecektir. Bu kapsamda özel sektör katılımının uzayın ticari amaçlı kullanılmasına ve güvenlik alanına olacak etkileri de açıklanmaya çalışılacaktır. Güvenlik sektörü tarafından sıklıkla kullanılmaları sebebiyle uzaktan algılama ve uydu fotoğrafçılığı konularına çalışmada değinilmiş, hâlihazırda özel sektör faaliyetine sahne olan bu iki alanda artan özelleştirme halinde kamunun tepkisinin ne olacağına değinilmeye çalışılmıştır. Uydu fotoğrafçılığı ve telekomünikasyonla başlayan uzaydaki özel sektör faaliyetleri içine uzun vadede daha fazla kar getirmesi beklenen uzayda madencilik faaliyetlerini de koymayı planlamaktadır. Ancak bu durumda gerek kamu gerekse de özel sektör faaliyetlerini düzenleyecek olan kapsamlı bir uzay hukuku normlarının olmadığı da bilinmektedir. Daha önce yapılan ve uzayın ortak kullanımını öngören uluslararası antlaşmalar devletler arasında vuku bulan ihtilaflara kısmen mani olmuştur. Ancak özel şirketlerin bu alana dâhil olması sonrasında ortaya çıkacak ihtilafları çözmek için uzaya has hukuk normlarının oluşturulması elzem hale gelecektir. ABD’nin 2015 yılında yayınlamış olduğu ve kısaca Space Act olarak adlandırılan yasa, ABD vatandaşlarına gök cisimlerinde ekonomik ve ticari faaliyette bulunma hakkı vermektedir ve bu da durumu karmaşıklaştırmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Etik Beyan
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Destekleyen Kurum
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Proje Numarası
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Teşekkür
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Kaynakça
- ABRAHAMSEN, Rita, WILLIAMS, Michael C., “Security Beyond the State: Private Security in International Politics”, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2011.
- AL-EKABI Cenan, “European Space Activities in the Global Context”, içinde C. Al-Ekabi, Blandina Baranes, Peter Hulsroj, Arne Lahcen (Eds), Yearbook on Space Policy 2014: The Governance of Space, Springer, Viyana, 2016, s. 3-88.
- BLAMONT, Jacques, “US Space Exploration Strategy: Is There a Better Way?”, Space Policy, C. 28, Sa. 4, 2012, s. 212-227.
- BRACHET, Gerard, “The Origins of the ‘Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities’ Initiative at UN COPUOS”, Space Policy, C. 28, Sa. 3, 2012, s. 161-165.
- CHESTERMAN, Simon, FISHER, Angelina, “Conclusion: Private Security, Public Order”, içinde S. Chesterman, & A. Fisher (Eds), Private Security, Public Order. The Outsourcing of Public Services and Its Limits, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2009, s. 222-226.
- CONKLIN, Kit, “Deterrence in the Age of Asteroid Mining: Nuclear Strategy and the Commercialization of Space”, içinde M. Cancian (Ed), Project on Nuclear Issues: A Collection of Papers from the 2017 Conference Series and Nuclear Scholars Initiative, Rowman and Littlefield, New York, 2018, s. 30-39.
- DOLMAN, Everett Carl, “Astropolitik: Classical Geopolitics in the Space Age”, Frank Cass Publication, Londra, 2002.
- DONAHUE, John D., “The Privatization Decision: Public Ends, Private Means”, Basic Books, New York, 1991.
- FINARELLI, Peggy, PRYKE, Ian, “A New Paradigm for International Cooperation in Space Exploration”, Space Policy, C. 21, Sa. 2, 2005, s. 97-99.
- FITZSIMMONS, Scott, “The Market for Force in the United States” içinde Molly Dunigan, Ulrich Petersohn (Eds), The Markets for Force: Privatization of Security Across World Regions, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 2015, s. 144-161.
- FORTHEAU, Mathias, “Space Law”, içinde James Crawford, Alain Pellet, Simon Olleson (Eds), The Law of International Responsibility, Oxford University Press, New York, 2010, s. 903-914.
- FRANKOWSKI, Pawel, “Outer Space and Private Companies: Consequences for Global Security”, Politeja, C. 50, Sa. 5, 2017, s. 131-148.
- HAANAPEL, Peter, “Enforcing the Liability Convention: Ensuring the Binding Force of the Award of the Claims Commission”, içinde Marietta Benkö, & Kai-Uwe Schrogl (Eds), Space Law: Current Problems and Perspectives for Future Regulation, Eleven International Publishing, Utrecth, 2005, s. 113-120.
- HEBERT, Karl D., “Regulation of Space Weapons: Ensuring Stability and Continued Use of Outer Space”, Astropolitics, C. 12, Sa. 1, 2014, s. 1-26.
- KELLMAN, Barry, “On Commercial Mining of Minerals in Outer Space: A Rejoinder to Dr Ricky J. Lee”, Air and Space Law, C. 39, Sa. 6, 2014, s. 411-420.
- KLEINBERG, Howard, “On War in Space”, Astropolitics, C. 5, Sa. 1, 2007, s. 1-27.
- KRAMER, William R., “In Dreams Begin Responsibilities-Environmental Impact Assessment and Outer Space Development”, Environmental Practice, C. 19, Sa. 3, 2017, s. 128-138.
- LAL, Bhavya, “Reshaping Space Policies to Meet Global Trends”, Issues in Science and Technology, C. 32, Sa. 4, 2016, s. 63-74.
- LEON, Amanda M., “Mining for Meaning: An Examination of the Legality of Property Rights in Space Resources”, Virginia Law Review, C. 104, Sa. 3, 2018, s. 497-546.
- LINK, Albert N., SCOTT, John T, “Public Goods, Public Gains: Calculating the Social Benefits of Public R&D”, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2011.
- LIONNET, Pierre, (2016). “The European Space Industry in 2015: ASD Eurospace facts and figures”, ASD Eurospace, Paris, 2016.
- LYALL, Francis, LARSEN, Paul B., “Space Law: A Treatise”, Routledge, New York, 2009.
- MOLTZ, James Clay, (2014). “Crowded Orbits: Conflict and Cooperation in Space”, Columbia University Press, New York, 2014.
- MOURRE, Alexis, “Arbitration in Space Contracts”, Arbitration International, C. 21, Sa. 1, 2005, s. 37-58.
- PRADO, Mariana Mota, “Regulatory Choices in the Privatization of Infrastructure”, içinde Simon Chesterman, & Angelina Fisher (Eds), Private Security, Public Order, The Outsourcing of Public Services and Its Limits, Oxford University Press, 2009, s. 107-132.
- RISSE, Thomas, BÖRZEL, Tanja A., “Public-Private Partnerships: Effective and Legitimate Tools of Transnational Governance”, içinde Edgar Grande, & Louis W. Pauly (Eds), Complex Sovereignty: Reconstituting Political Authority in the Twenty-First Century, University of Toronto Press, s. 195-216.
- SADEH, Eligar, “Obstacles to International Space Governance”, içinde Kai-Uwe Schrogl, Peter L. Hays, Jana Robinson, Denis Moura, Christina Giannopapa (Eds), Handbook of Space Security, Springer, New York, 2015, s. 23-39.
- SHAER, Matthew, “The Miner’s Guide to the Galaxy”, Foreign Policy, Sa. 218, 2016, s. 44-51.
- TOPAL, Ahmet Hamdi, “Uluslararası Hukuk Açısından Özel Askeri Şirketler ve Şirket Çalışanlarının Statüsü”, Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, C. 60, Sa. 4, 2011, 963-1022.
- YALÇINKAYA, Haldun, “Özel Askeri Sektörün Oluşumu ve Savaşların Özelleşmesi”, Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, C. 61, Sa. 3, 2006,
Öz
In this essay, the activities of the private sector in space exploration and the advantages and disadvantages of increasing its share will be discussed. In this context, the effects of private sector participation on the commercialization of space and security will also be explained. As we all know, private sector activities in space started with satellite photography and telecommunications. But nowadays private sector has also planning to start mining activities in space, which are expected to bring more profit in the long run. But, in this case, lack of comprehensive space law that will regulate both public and private sector activities will be problematic. International agreements that were made before that stipulating the common use of space partially prevented the conflicts between the states. However, in order to resolve the conflicts that may arise after the involvement of private companies in this field, it will be essential to establish a space-specific legal norm. The law, published by the USA in 2015 and called the Space Act for short, gives US citizens the right to engage in economic and commercial activities in celestial bodies, which complicates the situation.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Space Security Privatization Astropolitics Space Act of 2015
Proje Numarası
-
Kaynakça
- ABRAHAMSEN, Rita, WILLIAMS, Michael C., “Security Beyond the State: Private Security in International Politics”, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2011.
- AL-EKABI Cenan, “European Space Activities in the Global Context”, içinde C. Al-Ekabi, Blandina Baranes, Peter Hulsroj, Arne Lahcen (Eds), Yearbook on Space Policy 2014: The Governance of Space, Springer, Viyana, 2016, s. 3-88.
- BLAMONT, Jacques, “US Space Exploration Strategy: Is There a Better Way?”, Space Policy, C. 28, Sa. 4, 2012, s. 212-227.
- BRACHET, Gerard, “The Origins of the ‘Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities’ Initiative at UN COPUOS”, Space Policy, C. 28, Sa. 3, 2012, s. 161-165.
- CHESTERMAN, Simon, FISHER, Angelina, “Conclusion: Private Security, Public Order”, içinde S. Chesterman, & A. Fisher (Eds), Private Security, Public Order. The Outsourcing of Public Services and Its Limits, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2009, s. 222-226.
- CONKLIN, Kit, “Deterrence in the Age of Asteroid Mining: Nuclear Strategy and the Commercialization of Space”, içinde M. Cancian (Ed), Project on Nuclear Issues: A Collection of Papers from the 2017 Conference Series and Nuclear Scholars Initiative, Rowman and Littlefield, New York, 2018, s. 30-39.
- DOLMAN, Everett Carl, “Astropolitik: Classical Geopolitics in the Space Age”, Frank Cass Publication, Londra, 2002.
- DONAHUE, John D., “The Privatization Decision: Public Ends, Private Means”, Basic Books, New York, 1991.
- FINARELLI, Peggy, PRYKE, Ian, “A New Paradigm for International Cooperation in Space Exploration”, Space Policy, C. 21, Sa. 2, 2005, s. 97-99.
- FITZSIMMONS, Scott, “The Market for Force in the United States” içinde Molly Dunigan, Ulrich Petersohn (Eds), The Markets for Force: Privatization of Security Across World Regions, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 2015, s. 144-161.
- FORTHEAU, Mathias, “Space Law”, içinde James Crawford, Alain Pellet, Simon Olleson (Eds), The Law of International Responsibility, Oxford University Press, New York, 2010, s. 903-914.
- FRANKOWSKI, Pawel, “Outer Space and Private Companies: Consequences for Global Security”, Politeja, C. 50, Sa. 5, 2017, s. 131-148.
- HAANAPEL, Peter, “Enforcing the Liability Convention: Ensuring the Binding Force of the Award of the Claims Commission”, içinde Marietta Benkö, & Kai-Uwe Schrogl (Eds), Space Law: Current Problems and Perspectives for Future Regulation, Eleven International Publishing, Utrecth, 2005, s. 113-120.
- HEBERT, Karl D., “Regulation of Space Weapons: Ensuring Stability and Continued Use of Outer Space”, Astropolitics, C. 12, Sa. 1, 2014, s. 1-26.
- KELLMAN, Barry, “On Commercial Mining of Minerals in Outer Space: A Rejoinder to Dr Ricky J. Lee”, Air and Space Law, C. 39, Sa. 6, 2014, s. 411-420.
- KLEINBERG, Howard, “On War in Space”, Astropolitics, C. 5, Sa. 1, 2007, s. 1-27.
- KRAMER, William R., “In Dreams Begin Responsibilities-Environmental Impact Assessment and Outer Space Development”, Environmental Practice, C. 19, Sa. 3, 2017, s. 128-138.
- LAL, Bhavya, “Reshaping Space Policies to Meet Global Trends”, Issues in Science and Technology, C. 32, Sa. 4, 2016, s. 63-74.
- LEON, Amanda M., “Mining for Meaning: An Examination of the Legality of Property Rights in Space Resources”, Virginia Law Review, C. 104, Sa. 3, 2018, s. 497-546.
- LINK, Albert N., SCOTT, John T, “Public Goods, Public Gains: Calculating the Social Benefits of Public R&D”, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2011.
- LIONNET, Pierre, (2016). “The European Space Industry in 2015: ASD Eurospace facts and figures”, ASD Eurospace, Paris, 2016.
- LYALL, Francis, LARSEN, Paul B., “Space Law: A Treatise”, Routledge, New York, 2009.
- MOLTZ, James Clay, (2014). “Crowded Orbits: Conflict and Cooperation in Space”, Columbia University Press, New York, 2014.
- MOURRE, Alexis, “Arbitration in Space Contracts”, Arbitration International, C. 21, Sa. 1, 2005, s. 37-58.
- PRADO, Mariana Mota, “Regulatory Choices in the Privatization of Infrastructure”, içinde Simon Chesterman, & Angelina Fisher (Eds), Private Security, Public Order, The Outsourcing of Public Services and Its Limits, Oxford University Press, 2009, s. 107-132.
- RISSE, Thomas, BÖRZEL, Tanja A., “Public-Private Partnerships: Effective and Legitimate Tools of Transnational Governance”, içinde Edgar Grande, & Louis W. Pauly (Eds), Complex Sovereignty: Reconstituting Political Authority in the Twenty-First Century, University of Toronto Press, s. 195-216.
- SADEH, Eligar, “Obstacles to International Space Governance”, içinde Kai-Uwe Schrogl, Peter L. Hays, Jana Robinson, Denis Moura, Christina Giannopapa (Eds), Handbook of Space Security, Springer, New York, 2015, s. 23-39.
- SHAER, Matthew, “The Miner’s Guide to the Galaxy”, Foreign Policy, Sa. 218, 2016, s. 44-51.
- TOPAL, Ahmet Hamdi, “Uluslararası Hukuk Açısından Özel Askeri Şirketler ve Şirket Çalışanlarının Statüsü”, Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, C. 60, Sa. 4, 2011, 963-1022.
- YALÇINKAYA, Haldun, “Özel Askeri Sektörün Oluşumu ve Savaşların Özelleşmesi”, Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, C. 61, Sa. 3, 2006,
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Uluslararası İlişkiler (Diğer) |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Proje Numarası | - |
| Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 16 Aralık 2023 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 16 Aralık 2023 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 21 Eylül 2023 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2023 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2 |
