Öz
This study focuses on why radical right populists are anti-immigrationists and what would have been the main implications of this opposition. The emphasis on anti-immigration is crucial for radical right populism literature; almost every study points out xenophobia (in general) and anti-immigration (in particular) as characteristic features of radical right populism. This study aims to contribute to the literature on this field in two ways: First, by including recent issues, and second, by presenting the radical right populist perspectives’ opposition to immigration with a proposal of four-axis classification. Although this classification is not definitive, it would provide a systematic and holistic assessment of why radical right populism advocates an exclusionary approach, attitude, action, and policy towards immigrants. Within the scope of the study, this classification consists of crisis politics, election instrument, Islamization phobia and ressentiment dimensions. It has been concluded that with these four dimensions, if radical right populism’s anti-immigrant attitudes, actions and policies would become widespread among the local population and start to be expressed with louder voices, it would create an exclusionary, criminalizing and discriminatory atmosphere toward immigrants and refugees.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Radical right populism immigration Islamization phobia refugee xenophobia
Kaynakça
- Aknur, M. (2020). Almanya’da Radikal Sağın Yükselişi: Almanya İçin Alternatif Partisi, Popülizm ve Demokrasi. International Journal of Social Inquiry, 13(2). 415-446. https://doi.org/10.37093/ijsi.837682
- Albertazzi, D. , Favero, A. , Hatakka N. , Sijstermans, J. (2022). Siding with the Underdog: Explaining the Populist Radical Right’s Response to Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Erişim Adresi: https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2022/03/15/siding-with-the-underdog-explaining-the-populist-radical-rights-response-to-russias-invasion-of-ukraine/
- Alkan, M. N. (2019). Hoş Geldin Kültüründen Popülizme. Savunma Bilimleri Dergisi (The Journal of Defense Sciences), 18(2). 1-22. https://doi.org/10.17134/khosbd.640368
- Anık, M. (2021). Neo-Racism in the Age of Populism: The Immigrant Crisis in Europe, Marifetname. 8(1). 13-40. 10.47425/marifetname.907647
- Augustin, O. G. (2020). Left-Wing Populism: The Politics of the People, Bradford: Emerald Publishing.
- Balzan, J. (2017). In Malta Speech, Hungary Prime Minister Orban Warns Against ‘Invasion’ of Muslim Migrants. Erişim adresi: https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/europe/75837/orban_warns_against_invasion_of_muslim_migrants#.YjxLA-dByUk
- Bulli, G. (2019). The populist representation of the people in the Italian ius soli political debate: The Lega Nord and the Movimento Cinque Stelle. Gregor Fitzi, Jürgen Mackert and Bryan S.Turner (eds.), Populism and the Crisis of Democracy Volume 3: Migration, Gender and Religion (ss. 11-28) içinde. London: Routledge.
- Campani, G. (2019). The migration crisis between populism and post-democracy. Gregor Fitzi, Jürgen Mackert and Bryan S. Turner (eds.), Populism and the Crisis of Democracy Volume 3: Migration, Gender and Religion (ss.29-47) içinde. London: Routledge.
- Canovan, M. (1999). Trust the People! Populism and the Two Faces of Democracy. Political Studies, 47(1), 2-16. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.00184
- D’Amato, G. ve Ruedi, D. (2019). Immigration and populist political strategies The Swiss case in European perspective. Gregor Fitzi, Jürgen Mackert and Bryan S. Turner (eds), Populism and the Crisis of Democracy Volume 3: Migration, Gender and Religion (ss.48-65) içinde. London: Routledge.
- Erayman, İ.O. ve Çağlar, A.B. (2022). Hospitality in times of COVID-19: An evaluation in the context of the Baumanian concept of hospitality. Hospitality and Society, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1386/hosp_00048_1
- Fassin, E. (2019). Popülizm: Büyük Hınç, (çev. Gülener Kırnalı ve İlker Kocael). Ankara: Heretik Yayınları.
- Finchelstein, F. (2019). Faşizmden Popülizme, (çev. Ali Karatay). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
- Hawkins, K. A. (2010). Venezuela’s Chavismo and Populizm in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Hayes, A. R. ve Dudek, C. M. (2020). How Radical Right-Wing Populism Has Shaped Recent Migration Policy in Austria and Germany, Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 18(2).133-150. https://doi.org/10.1080/15562948.2019.1587130
- Hronešová, J. B. (2022) Why are Ukrainian Refugees Mobilizing Empathy across Eastern Europe?. Erişim Adresi: https://cseees.unc.edu/jessie-barton-hronesova/
- Hungarian Specktrum (2015). Hungarians’ Fear of Migrants and Terrorism. Erişim adresi: https://hungarianspectrum.org/2015/12/18/hungarians-fear-of-migrants-and-terrorism/
- Golightley, M. ve Hollaway, M. (2016). Editorial. British Journal of Social Work, 46(1). 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcw001
- Ionescu, G. ve Gellner, E. (1969). Introduction. Ghita Ionescu ve Ernst Gellner (eds.), Populism: Its Meanings and National Characteristics (ss.1-5) içinde. New York: Macmillan.
- Ivekovic, R. (2022). Migration, New Nationalisms and Populism: An Epistemological Perspective on the Closure of Rich Countries. New York: Birkbeck Law Press.
- Judis, J. B. (2016). The Populist Explosion: How the Great Recession Transformed American and European Politics. New York: Columbia Global Reports.
- Kalaycıoğlu, E. (2020). Halk Yönetimi: Popülizm ve Demokrasi. İktisat ve Toplum, 115. 4-21. http://www.iktisatvetoplum.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/%C4%B0TD-115-Ersin-Kalayc%C4%B1o%C4%9Flu.pdf
- Laclau, E. (2018). Popülist Akıl Üzerine, (çev. Nur Betül Çelik). Ankara: Epos Yayınları.
- Lutz, P. (2019) Variation in Policy Success: Radical Right Populism and Migration Policy. West European Politics, 42(3). 517-544. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2018.1504509
- Moffitt, B. (2020). Popülizmin Küresel Yükselişi: Performans, Siyasi Üslup ve Temsil, (çev. Onur Özgür), İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
- Mudde, C. (2007). Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Mudde, C. (2012). Three Decades of Populist Radical Right Parties in Western Europe: So What?. European Journal of Political Research, 52(1). 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2012.02065.x
- Mudde, C. (2014) The Populist Zeitgeist. Government and Opposition, 39(4). 541-563. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.2004.00135.x
- Müller, J. W. (2019). Popülizm Nedir?, (çev. Onur Yıldız). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
- Prague AFP (2019). Economic migrants use children as 'human shields': Czech leader. Erişim adresi: https://news.yahoo.com/economic-migrants-children-human-shields-czech-leader-154015439.html/
- Ruzza, C. (2019). Populism, migration, and xenophobia in Europe. Carlos de la Torre (ed.), Routledge Handbook of Global Populism (ss.201-215) içinde. London: Routledge.
- Rydgren, J. (2008). Immigration Sceptics, Xenophobes or Racists? Radical Right-Wing Voting in Six West European Countries. European Journal of Political Research, 47(6). 737-765. DOI:10.1111/j.1475-6765.2008.00784.x
- Saylan, İ. (2021). Pandemi Popülizmin Sonunu Getirebilir mi? Batı Avrupa’daki Popülist Radikal Sağ Partiler Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. International Journal of Social Inquiry, 14(2). 783-811. https://doi.org/10.37093/ijsi.956052
- Schneider, S. L. (2008). Anti-Immigrant Attitudes in Europe: Outgroup Size and Perceived Ethnic Threat. European Sociological Review, 24(1). 53-67. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcm034
- Strabac, Z. ve Listhaug, O. (2008). Anti-Muslim prejudice in Europe: A Multilevel Analysis of Survey Data from 30 Countries. Social Science Research, 37(1). 268–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2007.02.004
- Tahıncıoğlu, N. D. (2020). Avrupa’daki Sağ Popülist Partilerin Göçmen Karşıtlığı Söylemi Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Kırklareli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4(2). 282-291. https://doi.org/10.47140/kusbder.734832
- Williamson, V. , Skocpol, T. ve Coggin, J. (2011). The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism. Perspectives on Politics, 9(1). 25-43. doi:10.1017/S153759271000407X
Öz
Bu çalışma radikal sağ popülistlerin neden göç karşıtı olduklarını ve bu karşıtlığının temel içerimlerinin neler olabileceği sorusunu merkeze almaktadır. Radikal sağ popülizm ile ilgili literatür içerisinde göç ve göçmen karşıtlığına yönelik vurgu oldukça önemlidir ve neredeyse her çalışma radikal sağ popülizmin karakteristik özelliği olarak genelde yabancı düşmanlığını özelde ise göç ve göçmen karşıtlığını işaret etmektedir. Bu çalışma bu alandaki literatüre, son dönem gelişmeleri dâhil ederek ve radikal sağ popülist perspektifin göç karşıtlığını dört eksenli bir sınıflandırma önerisiyle sunarak katkı sağlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu sınıflandırma kesinlikle nihai olmamakla birlikte, radikal sağ popülizmin göç olgusuna ve göçmene yönelik neden dışlayıcı bir yaklaşım, tutum, eylem ve politikalar demeti savunduğuna yönelik sistemli ve bütünlüklü bir değerlendirme imkânı sağlamaktadır. Çalışma kapsamında, kriz siyaseti, seçim enstrümanı, ‘İslamlaşma fobyası’ ve hınç eksenleriyle bu sınıflandırma yapılmıştır. Bu dört boyutuyla radikal sağ popülizmin göçmen karşıtı tutum, eylem ve politikalarının yerli nüfus içinde yaygınlık kazanıp, gür seslerle ifade edilmeye başlandığında ise, göçmen ve mültecilere yönelik dışlayıcı, suçlulaştırıcı ve ayrımcı bir iklimi doğurabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Radikal sağ popülizm göç mülteci yabancı düşmanlığı İslamlaşma fobisi
Kaynakça
- Aknur, M. (2020). Almanya’da Radikal Sağın Yükselişi: Almanya İçin Alternatif Partisi, Popülizm ve Demokrasi. International Journal of Social Inquiry, 13(2). 415-446. https://doi.org/10.37093/ijsi.837682
- Albertazzi, D. , Favero, A. , Hatakka N. , Sijstermans, J. (2022). Siding with the Underdog: Explaining the Populist Radical Right’s Response to Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Erişim Adresi: https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2022/03/15/siding-with-the-underdog-explaining-the-populist-radical-rights-response-to-russias-invasion-of-ukraine/
- Alkan, M. N. (2019). Hoş Geldin Kültüründen Popülizme. Savunma Bilimleri Dergisi (The Journal of Defense Sciences), 18(2). 1-22. https://doi.org/10.17134/khosbd.640368
- Anık, M. (2021). Neo-Racism in the Age of Populism: The Immigrant Crisis in Europe, Marifetname. 8(1). 13-40. 10.47425/marifetname.907647
- Augustin, O. G. (2020). Left-Wing Populism: The Politics of the People, Bradford: Emerald Publishing.
- Balzan, J. (2017). In Malta Speech, Hungary Prime Minister Orban Warns Against ‘Invasion’ of Muslim Migrants. Erişim adresi: https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/europe/75837/orban_warns_against_invasion_of_muslim_migrants#.YjxLA-dByUk
- Bulli, G. (2019). The populist representation of the people in the Italian ius soli political debate: The Lega Nord and the Movimento Cinque Stelle. Gregor Fitzi, Jürgen Mackert and Bryan S.Turner (eds.), Populism and the Crisis of Democracy Volume 3: Migration, Gender and Religion (ss. 11-28) içinde. London: Routledge.
- Campani, G. (2019). The migration crisis between populism and post-democracy. Gregor Fitzi, Jürgen Mackert and Bryan S. Turner (eds.), Populism and the Crisis of Democracy Volume 3: Migration, Gender and Religion (ss.29-47) içinde. London: Routledge.
- Canovan, M. (1999). Trust the People! Populism and the Two Faces of Democracy. Political Studies, 47(1), 2-16. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.00184
- D’Amato, G. ve Ruedi, D. (2019). Immigration and populist political strategies The Swiss case in European perspective. Gregor Fitzi, Jürgen Mackert and Bryan S. Turner (eds), Populism and the Crisis of Democracy Volume 3: Migration, Gender and Religion (ss.48-65) içinde. London: Routledge.
- Erayman, İ.O. ve Çağlar, A.B. (2022). Hospitality in times of COVID-19: An evaluation in the context of the Baumanian concept of hospitality. Hospitality and Society, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1386/hosp_00048_1
- Fassin, E. (2019). Popülizm: Büyük Hınç, (çev. Gülener Kırnalı ve İlker Kocael). Ankara: Heretik Yayınları.
- Finchelstein, F. (2019). Faşizmden Popülizme, (çev. Ali Karatay). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
- Hawkins, K. A. (2010). Venezuela’s Chavismo and Populizm in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Hayes, A. R. ve Dudek, C. M. (2020). How Radical Right-Wing Populism Has Shaped Recent Migration Policy in Austria and Germany, Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 18(2).133-150. https://doi.org/10.1080/15562948.2019.1587130
- Hronešová, J. B. (2022) Why are Ukrainian Refugees Mobilizing Empathy across Eastern Europe?. Erişim Adresi: https://cseees.unc.edu/jessie-barton-hronesova/
- Hungarian Specktrum (2015). Hungarians’ Fear of Migrants and Terrorism. Erişim adresi: https://hungarianspectrum.org/2015/12/18/hungarians-fear-of-migrants-and-terrorism/
- Golightley, M. ve Hollaway, M. (2016). Editorial. British Journal of Social Work, 46(1). 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcw001
- Ionescu, G. ve Gellner, E. (1969). Introduction. Ghita Ionescu ve Ernst Gellner (eds.), Populism: Its Meanings and National Characteristics (ss.1-5) içinde. New York: Macmillan.
- Ivekovic, R. (2022). Migration, New Nationalisms and Populism: An Epistemological Perspective on the Closure of Rich Countries. New York: Birkbeck Law Press.
- Judis, J. B. (2016). The Populist Explosion: How the Great Recession Transformed American and European Politics. New York: Columbia Global Reports.
- Kalaycıoğlu, E. (2020). Halk Yönetimi: Popülizm ve Demokrasi. İktisat ve Toplum, 115. 4-21. http://www.iktisatvetoplum.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/%C4%B0TD-115-Ersin-Kalayc%C4%B1o%C4%9Flu.pdf
- Laclau, E. (2018). Popülist Akıl Üzerine, (çev. Nur Betül Çelik). Ankara: Epos Yayınları.
- Lutz, P. (2019) Variation in Policy Success: Radical Right Populism and Migration Policy. West European Politics, 42(3). 517-544. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2018.1504509
- Moffitt, B. (2020). Popülizmin Küresel Yükselişi: Performans, Siyasi Üslup ve Temsil, (çev. Onur Özgür), İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
- Mudde, C. (2007). Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Mudde, C. (2012). Three Decades of Populist Radical Right Parties in Western Europe: So What?. European Journal of Political Research, 52(1). 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2012.02065.x
- Mudde, C. (2014) The Populist Zeitgeist. Government and Opposition, 39(4). 541-563. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.2004.00135.x
- Müller, J. W. (2019). Popülizm Nedir?, (çev. Onur Yıldız). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
- Prague AFP (2019). Economic migrants use children as 'human shields': Czech leader. Erişim adresi: https://news.yahoo.com/economic-migrants-children-human-shields-czech-leader-154015439.html/
- Ruzza, C. (2019). Populism, migration, and xenophobia in Europe. Carlos de la Torre (ed.), Routledge Handbook of Global Populism (ss.201-215) içinde. London: Routledge.
- Rydgren, J. (2008). Immigration Sceptics, Xenophobes or Racists? Radical Right-Wing Voting in Six West European Countries. European Journal of Political Research, 47(6). 737-765. DOI:10.1111/j.1475-6765.2008.00784.x
- Saylan, İ. (2021). Pandemi Popülizmin Sonunu Getirebilir mi? Batı Avrupa’daki Popülist Radikal Sağ Partiler Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. International Journal of Social Inquiry, 14(2). 783-811. https://doi.org/10.37093/ijsi.956052
- Schneider, S. L. (2008). Anti-Immigrant Attitudes in Europe: Outgroup Size and Perceived Ethnic Threat. European Sociological Review, 24(1). 53-67. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcm034
- Strabac, Z. ve Listhaug, O. (2008). Anti-Muslim prejudice in Europe: A Multilevel Analysis of Survey Data from 30 Countries. Social Science Research, 37(1). 268–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2007.02.004
- Tahıncıoğlu, N. D. (2020). Avrupa’daki Sağ Popülist Partilerin Göçmen Karşıtlığı Söylemi Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Kırklareli Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4(2). 282-291. https://doi.org/10.47140/kusbder.734832
- Williamson, V. , Skocpol, T. ve Coggin, J. (2011). The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism. Perspectives on Politics, 9(1). 25-43. doi:10.1017/S153759271000407X
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Siyaset Bilimi, Sosyoloji |
| Bölüm | Orjinal Makale |
| Yazarlar | |
| Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 29 Eylül 2022 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Eylül 2022 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 28 Nisan 2022 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2022 Göç ve Mültecilik Özel Sayısı |
