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Development of Cultural Diplomacy in the Republic of Turkey in 100 Years

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 64, 210 - 229, 29.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.47998/ikad.1362459

Öz

The article provides an in-depth analysis of Turkey's cultural diplomacy, which serves as a form of "soft power" to strengthen international relations. Rooted in the rich cultural heritage of the Ottoman Empire and modernized by Atatürk's reforms, Turkey's cultural diplomacy is multi-faceted. During the Cold War, Turkey aligned with the West, joining NATO and receiving American aid, which had both positive and negative implications. In the 21st century, institutions like the Yunus Emre Institute and TİKA play pivotal roles in promoting Turkish culture and humanitarian aid, respectively. However, these efforts sometimes face scrutiny for aligning too closely with Turkey's political objectives.
Turkey's cultural diplomacy extends beyond the West, gaining influence in Asia and Africa, particularly through popular Turkish TV series. Besides state-supported initiatives, art festivals, music, and educational collaborations also contribute to Turkey's international cultural footprint. However, the effectiveness of these efforts is sometimes constrained by domestic and foreign policy issues, including ethnic and religious conflicts.
The article also explores Turkey's relations with the European Union and the Middle East, emphasizing the role of educational institutions and civil society projects in fostering mutual understanding. It acknowledges the challenges posed by technology, globalization, and political tensions, which can disrupt cultural diplomacy efforts. Despite these challenges, cultural diplomacy offers new opportunities for Turkey to enhance its international relations, although attention to regional and global dynamics is essential for its effective implementation. The text concludes that internal politics, financial constraints, and cultural sensitivities are critical factors that influence the success of Turkey's cultural diplomacy.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmad, F. (1993). The making of modern Turkey. Routledge.
  • Akgönül, S. (2013). The minority concept in the Turkish context: Practices and perceptions in Turkey, Greece and France. Brill.
  • Akgün, M., Perçinçek, G., Çora, A., & Özkan, M. (2013). Ortadoğu'da Türk imajı. TESEV Yayınları.
  • Ang, I., & Stratton, J. (1996). The Singapore ıssue: Cultural studies and cultural policy. Cultural Studies, 10(3), 423-441.
  • Aydın-Düzgit, S. & Keyman, E. F. (2014). EU-Turkey relations and the stagnation of Turkish democracy. Global Turkey in Europe.
  • Aydın-Düzgit, S. (2016). De-Europeanisation through discourse: A critical discourse analysis of AKP's election speeches. South European Society and Politics, 21(1), 45-58.
  • Cooley, A. (2019). Great Games, Local rules: The new great power contest in central Asia. Oxford University Press.
  • Cull, N. J. (2010). Public diplomacy: Lessons from the past. CPD Perspectives on Public Diplomacy.
  • Göktürk, D. (2010). Turkish delight—German fright: Migrant ıdentities in transnational cinema. Television & New Media, 11(5), 433-448.
  • Hale, W. (1994). Turkish foreign policy, 1774-2000. Frank Cass Publishers.
  • Hale, W. (2000). Turkish foreign policy, 1774-2000. Frank Cass Publishers.
  • Iriye, A. (2006). Global community: The role of ınternational organizations in the making of the contemporary world. University of California Press.
  • İnalcık, H. (1993). The Ottoman empire: The classical age 1300–1600. Phoenix Press.
  • İnalcık, H. (1997). The Ottoman empire: The classical age 1300-1600. Phoenix Press.
  • Kaya, A. (2009). Islam, migration and ıntegration: The age of securitization. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Kaya, İ. (2015). Soft power and public diplomacy in Turkey. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • King, R., & Ruiz-Gelices, E. (2003). International student migration and the European 'year abroad': Effects on European ıdentity and subsequent migration behaviour. International Journal of Population Geography, 9(3), 229-252.
  • Kirişci, K. & Rubin, B. (2001). Turkey in world politics: An emerging multiregional power. Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • Kirişci, K. (2014). Syrian refugees and Turkey's challenges: Going beyond hospitality. Brookings Institution.zkan, M. (2018). Turkey's ınvolvement in Africa: Turkey's strategic depth. Routledge.
  • Kirişci, K. (2016). Turkey and the west: Fault lines in a troubled alliance. Brookings Institution Press.
  • Koçak, O. (2016). The role of art and culture in diplomacy: The case of İstanbul biennial. All Azimuth, 5(1), 73-85.
  • Kubicek, P. (2019). Turkey and the politics of national ıdentity: Social, economic and cultural transformation. I.B. Tauris.
  • Lewis, B. (1968). The emergence of modern Turkey. Oxford University Press.
  • Melissen, J. (2005). The new public diplomacy: Soft power in ınternational relations. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Muftuler-Bac, M. (1997). Turkey's relations with a changing Europe. Manchester University Press.
  • Necipoğlu, G. (2005). The age of Sinan: Architectural culture in the Ottoman empire. Princeton University Press.
  • Ninkovich, F. (1999). The diplomacy of ıdeas: U.S. foreign policy and cultural relations, 1938-1950. Cambridge University Press.
  • Nye, J. S. (2004). Soft power: The means to success in world politics. PublicAffairs.
  • Nye, J. S. (2008). Soft power: The means to success in world politics. PublicAffairs.
  • Nye, J. S. (2008). Soft power: The means to success in world politics. PublicAffairs.
  • Özkan, M. (2018). Turkey's ınvolvement in Africa: Turkey's Strategic Depth. Routledge.
  • Öniş, Z. (2011). Multiple faces of the 'New' Turkish foreign policy: Underlying dynamics and a critique. Insight Turkey, 13(1), 47-65.
  • Quataert, D. (2000). The Ottoman empire, 1700-1922. Cambridge University Press.
  • Richards, G. (2018). Cultural tourism: Global and local perspectives. Routledge.
  • Robins, P. (2003). Suits and uniforms: Turkish foreign policy since the Cold War. Hurst & Company.
  • Sigalas, E. (2010). Cross-border mobility and European ıdentity: The effectiveness of ıntergroup contact during the ERASMUS year abroad. European Union Politics, 11(2), 241-265.
  • Smith, M. K. (2016). Issues in cultural tourism studies. Routledge.
  • Smith, S. (2005). Diplomacy: Theory and practice. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Souto-Otero, M. (2008). The socio-economic background of Erasmus students: A trend towards wider ınclusion? International Review of Education, 54(2), 135- 154.
  • Tekin, A. (2012). Turkey and the European union: The ımportance of financial flows. Routledge.
  • Tocci, N. (2005). Europeanization in Turkey: Trigger or anchor for reform? south European society and politics, 10(1), 73-83.
  • Walker, J. W. (2015). Turkey's strategic rising: Four faces of a regional power. Journal of Eurasian Studies.
  • Zürcher, E. J. (2004). Turkey: A modern history. I.B.Tauris.

Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nde 100 Yılda Kültür Diplomasisi Gelişimi

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 64, 210 - 229, 29.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.47998/ikad.1362459

Öz

Türkiye'nin kültür diplomasisi, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun zengin tarihi ve kültürel mirasından, Atatürk'ün modernleştirici reformlarına kadar uzanan geniş bir yelpazede şekillenmiştir. Osmanlı dönemi, Türkiye'nin kültürel ve sosyal yapısını derinlemesine etkilemiş, Atatürk ise Batı ile entegrasyonu ve modernizasyonu hedeflemiştir. Soğuk Savaş döneminde, Türkiye Batı ile yakın ilişkiler kurarak NATO'ya üye olmuş ve Amerikan yardımlarıyla ekonomik ve askeri destek görmüştür. Bu dönem, Türkiye için fırsatlar kadar riskler ve zorluklar da getirmiştir.
Kültür diplomasisi, Türkiye'nin uluslararası alanda "yumuşak güç" kullanarak etkili bir rol almasını sağlamıştır. Devlet destekli kurumlar olan Yunus Emre Enstitüsü ve TİKA, bu diplomasi çabalarının ana taşıyıcıları olarak faaliyet göstermektedir. Yunus Emre Enstitüsü, Türkçe'nin yurtdışında öğretilmesi ve Türk kültürü ve sanatının tanıtılması gibi konulara odaklanırken, TİKA yurtdışında kalkınma projeleri ve insani yardım çalışmaları yapmaktadır.
Türkiye'nin iç ve dış politikası, kültür diplomasisi çabalarını olumlu ya da olumsuz etkileyebilmektedir. Etnik ve dini çatışmalar, bu tür diplomasi çabalarının etkinliğini sınırlayabilir. Türkiye-AB ilişkileri, üniversite değişim programları ve kültürel turizm aracılığıyla güçlenmektedir. Türk üniversiteleri, özellikle Almanya, Fransa ve Hollanda gibi AB ülkelerinde kampüsler ve araştırma merkezleri kurarak, öğrenci değişim programları ve ortak projelerle Türkiye-AB ilişkilerini güçlendirmektedir.
Türkiye'nin Orta Doğu ile olan ilişkileri, tarihsel bağlar, kültürel etkinlikler ve jeopolitik dinamikler tarafından şekillenmektedir. Türkiye, bu bağlamda kültürel diplomasi araçlarını etkin bir şekilde kullanarak, bölgesel istikrarı teşvik etmek ve karşılıklı anlayışı artırmayı hedeflemektedir. Türkiye'nin Asya ve Amerika ile olan kültürel diplomasi faaliyetleri de benzer şekilde, tarihsel bağlar, ekonomik ilişkiler ve jeopolitik dinamikler tarafından etkilenmektedir. İç politika, dış politika ve kültürel diplomasi arasında yakın bir ilişki vardır; iç politikadaki değişiklikler, kültürel diplomasi stratejilerini etkileyebilir. Finansal ve lojistik zorluklar, özellikle gelişmekte olan ülkeler için, kültürel diplomasi faaliyetlerinin etkinliğini sınırlayabilir.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmad, F. (1993). The making of modern Turkey. Routledge.
  • Akgönül, S. (2013). The minority concept in the Turkish context: Practices and perceptions in Turkey, Greece and France. Brill.
  • Akgün, M., Perçinçek, G., Çora, A., & Özkan, M. (2013). Ortadoğu'da Türk imajı. TESEV Yayınları.
  • Ang, I., & Stratton, J. (1996). The Singapore ıssue: Cultural studies and cultural policy. Cultural Studies, 10(3), 423-441.
  • Aydın-Düzgit, S. & Keyman, E. F. (2014). EU-Turkey relations and the stagnation of Turkish democracy. Global Turkey in Europe.
  • Aydın-Düzgit, S. (2016). De-Europeanisation through discourse: A critical discourse analysis of AKP's election speeches. South European Society and Politics, 21(1), 45-58.
  • Cooley, A. (2019). Great Games, Local rules: The new great power contest in central Asia. Oxford University Press.
  • Cull, N. J. (2010). Public diplomacy: Lessons from the past. CPD Perspectives on Public Diplomacy.
  • Göktürk, D. (2010). Turkish delight—German fright: Migrant ıdentities in transnational cinema. Television & New Media, 11(5), 433-448.
  • Hale, W. (1994). Turkish foreign policy, 1774-2000. Frank Cass Publishers.
  • Hale, W. (2000). Turkish foreign policy, 1774-2000. Frank Cass Publishers.
  • Iriye, A. (2006). Global community: The role of ınternational organizations in the making of the contemporary world. University of California Press.
  • İnalcık, H. (1993). The Ottoman empire: The classical age 1300–1600. Phoenix Press.
  • İnalcık, H. (1997). The Ottoman empire: The classical age 1300-1600. Phoenix Press.
  • Kaya, A. (2009). Islam, migration and ıntegration: The age of securitization. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Kaya, İ. (2015). Soft power and public diplomacy in Turkey. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • King, R., & Ruiz-Gelices, E. (2003). International student migration and the European 'year abroad': Effects on European ıdentity and subsequent migration behaviour. International Journal of Population Geography, 9(3), 229-252.
  • Kirişci, K. & Rubin, B. (2001). Turkey in world politics: An emerging multiregional power. Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • Kirişci, K. (2014). Syrian refugees and Turkey's challenges: Going beyond hospitality. Brookings Institution.zkan, M. (2018). Turkey's ınvolvement in Africa: Turkey's strategic depth. Routledge.
  • Kirişci, K. (2016). Turkey and the west: Fault lines in a troubled alliance. Brookings Institution Press.
  • Koçak, O. (2016). The role of art and culture in diplomacy: The case of İstanbul biennial. All Azimuth, 5(1), 73-85.
  • Kubicek, P. (2019). Turkey and the politics of national ıdentity: Social, economic and cultural transformation. I.B. Tauris.
  • Lewis, B. (1968). The emergence of modern Turkey. Oxford University Press.
  • Melissen, J. (2005). The new public diplomacy: Soft power in ınternational relations. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Muftuler-Bac, M. (1997). Turkey's relations with a changing Europe. Manchester University Press.
  • Necipoğlu, G. (2005). The age of Sinan: Architectural culture in the Ottoman empire. Princeton University Press.
  • Ninkovich, F. (1999). The diplomacy of ıdeas: U.S. foreign policy and cultural relations, 1938-1950. Cambridge University Press.
  • Nye, J. S. (2004). Soft power: The means to success in world politics. PublicAffairs.
  • Nye, J. S. (2008). Soft power: The means to success in world politics. PublicAffairs.
  • Nye, J. S. (2008). Soft power: The means to success in world politics. PublicAffairs.
  • Özkan, M. (2018). Turkey's ınvolvement in Africa: Turkey's Strategic Depth. Routledge.
  • Öniş, Z. (2011). Multiple faces of the 'New' Turkish foreign policy: Underlying dynamics and a critique. Insight Turkey, 13(1), 47-65.
  • Quataert, D. (2000). The Ottoman empire, 1700-1922. Cambridge University Press.
  • Richards, G. (2018). Cultural tourism: Global and local perspectives. Routledge.
  • Robins, P. (2003). Suits and uniforms: Turkish foreign policy since the Cold War. Hurst & Company.
  • Sigalas, E. (2010). Cross-border mobility and European ıdentity: The effectiveness of ıntergroup contact during the ERASMUS year abroad. European Union Politics, 11(2), 241-265.
  • Smith, M. K. (2016). Issues in cultural tourism studies. Routledge.
  • Smith, S. (2005). Diplomacy: Theory and practice. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Souto-Otero, M. (2008). The socio-economic background of Erasmus students: A trend towards wider ınclusion? International Review of Education, 54(2), 135- 154.
  • Tekin, A. (2012). Turkey and the European union: The ımportance of financial flows. Routledge.
  • Tocci, N. (2005). Europeanization in Turkey: Trigger or anchor for reform? south European society and politics, 10(1), 73-83.
  • Walker, J. W. (2015). Turkey's strategic rising: Four faces of a regional power. Journal of Eurasian Studies.
  • Zürcher, E. J. (2004). Turkey: A modern history. I.B.Tauris.
Toplam 43 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Uluslararası ve Kalkınma İletişimi
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Nabat Garakhanova 0000-0002-3637-7710

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Ekim 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 18 Eylül 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Sayı: 64

Kaynak Göster

APA Garakhanova, N. (2023). Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nde 100 Yılda Kültür Diplomasisi Gelişimi. İletişim Kuram Ve Araştırma Dergisi(64), 210-229. https://doi.org/10.47998/ikad.1362459