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ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL RIVALRY BETWEEN THE RUSSIAN AND OTTOMAN EMPIRES: CAUCASUS, BLACK SEA AND WAR

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 81, 1 - 26, 27.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.56694/karadearas.1443289

Öz

To imagine a region with its all-geographical features such as seas, rivers, lakes, mountains, hills and passes is a complicated process, and moreover the constructions built in or near the region such as ports, fortresses, bridges and canals can make it more complicated. In addition, to understand the Caucasus as a theatre of war in the early nineteenth century one also needs to take into account adjacent regions such as the Black and Caspian seas, eastern Anatolia and the Zagros region. Methodologically, geography and history are distinct ways of looking at the world but they are so closely related that one cannot afford to ignore either. War holds a significant position between geography and history. For this reason, the geography of war is a complicated but significant area of research that needs attention to fully understand and analyse the nature of any specific conflict. Historically, the desire to acquire new and fertile land, key communication routes, strategic points and natural resources has generally been a cause of war. War has been one of the most vital elements in the evolution of states. But the geography of a region exists not just in maps but also in a people’s imagination and the experience of war in a region can have a strong impact on this imagination.

Kaynakça

  • ARHİV VNEŞNEY POLİTİKİ ROSSİYSKOY İMPERİİ [AVPRI].
  • ROSSİYSKİY GOSUDARSTVENNİY VOENNO-İSTORİÇESKİY ARHİV [RGVIA].
  • ÁGOSTON, Gábor. (2009). “Where Environmental and Frontier Studies Meet: Rivers, Forests, Marshes and Forts along the Ottoman-Hapsburg Frontier in Hungary”. The Frontiers of the Ottoman World. (ed. A. C. S. Peacock). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • AKERMAN, James R. ed. (2009). The Imperial Map: Cartography and the Mastery of Empire Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • ALLEN, W. E. D. (1970). Russian Embassies to the Georgian Kings 1589–1605. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • ANİSİMOV, Sergey. (1926). Kafkas Kılavuzu. (çev. Binbaşı Sadık). İstanbul: Erkan-ı Harbiye-i Umumiye İstihbarat Dairesi, 1926).
  • ASCHERSON, Neal. (2007). Black Sea: The Birthplace of Civilisation and Barbarism. London: Random House, 2007.
  • AYDIN, Mahir. (1986). “Faş Kalesi”. Osmanlı Araştırmaları. VI.
  • BADDELEY, John F. (1940). The Rugged Flanks of Caucasus. cilt. I. Oxford: Humphrey Milford.
  • BAGROW, Leo. (1962). “At the Sources of the Cartography of Russia”. Imago Mundi. XVI/1.
  • BAGROW, Leo. (1975). A History of the Cartography of Russia Up to 1800. Wolfe Island: Walker Press.
  • BAKER, Alan R. H. (2003). Geography and History: Bridging the Divide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • BAUMER, Cristoph. (2021). History of the Caucasus: At the Crossroads of Empires. cilt I. London: I.B. Tauris.
  • BENNIGSEN, Alexandre, Pertev Naili Boratav, Dilek Desaive, and Chantai Lemercier-Quelquejay, ed. (1978). Le Khanat de Crimée dans les Archives du Musée du Palais de Topkapi. Paris: Mouton.
  • BIJIŞKYAN, Minas. (1969). Karadeniz Kıyıları Tarih ve Coğrafyası, 1817-1819. (çev. Hrand D. Andreasyan). İstanbul: Edebiyat Fakültesi Basımevi.
  • BİLGE, Sadık Müfit. (2023). Osmanlı Çağı’nda Kafkasya ve Kafkasyalılar 1454-1829 (Tarih-Toplumlar- Ekonomiler). cilt. I-II. İstanbul: Kitabevi Yayınları.
  • BLACK, Jeremy. (2008). "Government, State, and Cartography: Mapping, Power, and Politics in Europe, 1650–1800," Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization 43/2.
  • BLACK, Jeremy. (2009). “A Revolution in Military Cartography?: Europe 1650-1815”. The Journal of Military History. 73/1.
  • BRONEVSKİY, Semyon. (1823). Noveyşiya Geografiçeskiya i İstoricheskiya İzvestiia o Kavkaze, cilt. I-II. Moskva: S. Selivanovskogo.
  • BUISSERET, David. ed. (1992). Monarchs, Ministers, and Maps: The Emergence of Cartography as a Tool of Government in Early Modern Europe (Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • ÇELEBİ, Evliya. (1999-2001). Evliya Çelebi Seyahatnamesi. (ed. Yücel Dağlı, Seyit Ali Kahraman, and İbrahim Sezgin). cilt. II-V-VII. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi.
  • CHIAOLM, George - H. J. Mackinder. (1909). “Geographical Conditions Affecting the British Empire: Discussion”. The Geographical Journal XXXIII/4.
  • DARBY, Henry Clifford. (1953). “On the Relations of Geography and History". Transactions and Papers (Institute of British Geographers). XIX.
  • DE REUILLY, Jean. (1806). Voyage en Crimée et sur les bords de la Mer Noire en 1803. Paris: Bossange.
  • DEBU, Iosif. (1829). O Kavkazskoy Linii i Prisoyedinennom k Ney Çernomorskom Voyske, ili Obşçiya Zamechaniya o Poselennıh Polkah, Ograjdayuşçih Kavkazskuyu Liniiu, i o Sosedstvennıh Gorskih Narodah s 1816 po 1826 god. Sankt Peterburg: Tipografiya Karla Kraiya.
  • DRUJİNİNA, E. I. (1959). Severnoe Priçernomore 1775-1800 g. Moskva: Akademii Nauk.
  • DRUJİNİNA, E. I. (1970). Yujnaya Ukraina 1800-1825 gg. Moskva: Akademii Nauk.
  • DRUJİNİNA, E. I. (1981). Yujnaya Ukraina v Period Krizisa Feodalizma 1825-1860 gg. Moskva: Akademii Nauk.
  • EDNEY, Matthew H. (1999). “Reconsidering Enlightenment Geography and Map Making: Reconnaissance, Mapping, Archive”. Geography and Enlightenment. (ed. David N. Livingstone ve Charles W. J. Withers). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • ENGİN, Hakan. (2024). Teşkilat, Tahkimat ve Mali Yapısıyla Osmanlılarda Serhaddin Savunması. İstanbul: Kitabevi Yayınları.
  • FEDAKAR, Cengiz. (2014). Kafkasya'da İmparatorluklar Savaşı: Kırıma Giden Yolda Anapa Kalesi (1781-1801). İstanbul: İş Bankası.
  • FEL, S. Ye. (1974). “Russian Cartography of the 18th Century as a Synthesis of Astronomic-Geodetic and Graphic Processes”. Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization. X/1.
  • FISHER, Alan. (1972). “Les rapports entre l'Empire ottoman et la Crimée: L'aspect financier”. Cahiers du
  • Monde Russe et Soviétique XIII/3.
  • FISHER, Alan. (1972). “Muscovy and the Black Sea Slave Trade”. Canadian-American Slavic Studies IV/4.
  • FISHER, Alan. (1973). “Azov in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries”. Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas. XXI/2.
  • FORSYTH, James. (2013). The Caucasus: A History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • FRESHFIELD, Douglas W. (1896). The Exploration of the Caucasus. cilt. I-II. London: Edward Arnold.
  • GAMBASHIDZE, D. (1918). The Caucasus: Its People, History, Economics and Present Position. London: The Anglo-Georgian Society.
  • GARUNOVA, N. N., and Nikolai Dmitrievich Chekulaev-Bratchikov. (2011). Rossiiskaia imperatorskaia armiia na Kavkaze v XVIII veke: Istoriia kizliarskogo garnizona (1735-1800 gg.). Makhachkala: Alef.
  • GMELIN, Samuel Gottlieb. (2013). Astrakhan Anno 1770: Its History, Geography, Population, Trade, Flora, Fauna and Fisheries. (çev. Willem M. Floor). Washington: Mage Publishers.
  • GÖKBİLGİN, Tayyib. (1994). “Edirne”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı.
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  • HALAÇOĞLU, Yusuf. (1991). “Anadolu (Ulaşım ve Yol Sistemi)”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı.
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RUSYA VE OSMANLI İMPARATORLUKLARI ARASINDAKİ COĞRAFÎ VE TARİHSEL REKABET ÜZERİNE: KAFKASYA, KARADENİZ VE SAVAŞ

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 81, 1 - 26, 27.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.56694/karadearas.1443289

Öz

Bir bölgeyi denizler, nehirler, göller, dağlar, tepeler ve geçitler gibi tüm coğrafî özellikleriyle hayal etmek karmaşık bir süreçtir ve dahası bölgede veya yakınında inşa edilen limanlar, kaleler, köprüler ve kanallar gibi yapılar bunu daha da karmaşık hale getirebilir. Buna ek olarak, Kafkasya’yı XIX. yüzyılın başlarında bir savaş alanı olarak anlamak için Karadeniz ve Hazar denizi, doğu Anadolu ve Zagros bölgesi gibi komşu bölgeleri de hesaba katmak gerekir. Metodolojik olarak coğrafya ve tarih dünyayı anlamaya çalışmanın farklı yollarıdır ancak birbirleriyle o kadar yakından ilişkilidirler ki ikisini de görmezden gelmek mümkün değildir. Savaş, coğrafya ve tarih arasında önemli bir konuma sahiptir. Bu nedenle savaş coğrafyası, herhangi bir çatışmanın doğasını tam olarak anlamak ve analiz etmek için dikkat edilmesi gereken karmaşık ama önemli bir inceleme sahasıdır. Tarihsel olarak, yeni ve verimli topraklar, kilit iletişim yolları, stratejik noktalar ve doğal kaynaklar elde etme arzusu genellikle bir savaş nedeni olmuştur. Savaş, devletlerin evrimindeki en kilit unsurlardan biri olmuştur. Ancak bir bölgenin coğrafyası sadece haritalarda değil, aynı zamanda insanların hayal gücünde de bulunur ve bir bölgedeki savaş deneyimi bu hayal gücü üzerinde güçlü bir etkiye sahip olabilir.

Kaynakça

  • ARHİV VNEŞNEY POLİTİKİ ROSSİYSKOY İMPERİİ [AVPRI].
  • ROSSİYSKİY GOSUDARSTVENNİY VOENNO-İSTORİÇESKİY ARHİV [RGVIA].
  • ÁGOSTON, Gábor. (2009). “Where Environmental and Frontier Studies Meet: Rivers, Forests, Marshes and Forts along the Ottoman-Hapsburg Frontier in Hungary”. The Frontiers of the Ottoman World. (ed. A. C. S. Peacock). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • AKERMAN, James R. ed. (2009). The Imperial Map: Cartography and the Mastery of Empire Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • ALLEN, W. E. D. (1970). Russian Embassies to the Georgian Kings 1589–1605. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • ANİSİMOV, Sergey. (1926). Kafkas Kılavuzu. (çev. Binbaşı Sadık). İstanbul: Erkan-ı Harbiye-i Umumiye İstihbarat Dairesi, 1926).
  • ASCHERSON, Neal. (2007). Black Sea: The Birthplace of Civilisation and Barbarism. London: Random House, 2007.
  • AYDIN, Mahir. (1986). “Faş Kalesi”. Osmanlı Araştırmaları. VI.
  • BADDELEY, John F. (1940). The Rugged Flanks of Caucasus. cilt. I. Oxford: Humphrey Milford.
  • BAGROW, Leo. (1962). “At the Sources of the Cartography of Russia”. Imago Mundi. XVI/1.
  • BAGROW, Leo. (1975). A History of the Cartography of Russia Up to 1800. Wolfe Island: Walker Press.
  • BAKER, Alan R. H. (2003). Geography and History: Bridging the Divide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • BAUMER, Cristoph. (2021). History of the Caucasus: At the Crossroads of Empires. cilt I. London: I.B. Tauris.
  • BENNIGSEN, Alexandre, Pertev Naili Boratav, Dilek Desaive, and Chantai Lemercier-Quelquejay, ed. (1978). Le Khanat de Crimée dans les Archives du Musée du Palais de Topkapi. Paris: Mouton.
  • BIJIŞKYAN, Minas. (1969). Karadeniz Kıyıları Tarih ve Coğrafyası, 1817-1819. (çev. Hrand D. Andreasyan). İstanbul: Edebiyat Fakültesi Basımevi.
  • BİLGE, Sadık Müfit. (2023). Osmanlı Çağı’nda Kafkasya ve Kafkasyalılar 1454-1829 (Tarih-Toplumlar- Ekonomiler). cilt. I-II. İstanbul: Kitabevi Yayınları.
  • BLACK, Jeremy. (2008). "Government, State, and Cartography: Mapping, Power, and Politics in Europe, 1650–1800," Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization 43/2.
  • BLACK, Jeremy. (2009). “A Revolution in Military Cartography?: Europe 1650-1815”. The Journal of Military History. 73/1.
  • BRONEVSKİY, Semyon. (1823). Noveyşiya Geografiçeskiya i İstoricheskiya İzvestiia o Kavkaze, cilt. I-II. Moskva: S. Selivanovskogo.
  • BUISSERET, David. ed. (1992). Monarchs, Ministers, and Maps: The Emergence of Cartography as a Tool of Government in Early Modern Europe (Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • ÇELEBİ, Evliya. (1999-2001). Evliya Çelebi Seyahatnamesi. (ed. Yücel Dağlı, Seyit Ali Kahraman, and İbrahim Sezgin). cilt. II-V-VII. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi.
  • CHIAOLM, George - H. J. Mackinder. (1909). “Geographical Conditions Affecting the British Empire: Discussion”. The Geographical Journal XXXIII/4.
  • DARBY, Henry Clifford. (1953). “On the Relations of Geography and History". Transactions and Papers (Institute of British Geographers). XIX.
  • DE REUILLY, Jean. (1806). Voyage en Crimée et sur les bords de la Mer Noire en 1803. Paris: Bossange.
  • DEBU, Iosif. (1829). O Kavkazskoy Linii i Prisoyedinennom k Ney Çernomorskom Voyske, ili Obşçiya Zamechaniya o Poselennıh Polkah, Ograjdayuşçih Kavkazskuyu Liniiu, i o Sosedstvennıh Gorskih Narodah s 1816 po 1826 god. Sankt Peterburg: Tipografiya Karla Kraiya.
  • DRUJİNİNA, E. I. (1959). Severnoe Priçernomore 1775-1800 g. Moskva: Akademii Nauk.
  • DRUJİNİNA, E. I. (1970). Yujnaya Ukraina 1800-1825 gg. Moskva: Akademii Nauk.
  • DRUJİNİNA, E. I. (1981). Yujnaya Ukraina v Period Krizisa Feodalizma 1825-1860 gg. Moskva: Akademii Nauk.
  • EDNEY, Matthew H. (1999). “Reconsidering Enlightenment Geography and Map Making: Reconnaissance, Mapping, Archive”. Geography and Enlightenment. (ed. David N. Livingstone ve Charles W. J. Withers). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • ENGİN, Hakan. (2024). Teşkilat, Tahkimat ve Mali Yapısıyla Osmanlılarda Serhaddin Savunması. İstanbul: Kitabevi Yayınları.
  • FEDAKAR, Cengiz. (2014). Kafkasya'da İmparatorluklar Savaşı: Kırıma Giden Yolda Anapa Kalesi (1781-1801). İstanbul: İş Bankası.
  • FEL, S. Ye. (1974). “Russian Cartography of the 18th Century as a Synthesis of Astronomic-Geodetic and Graphic Processes”. Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization. X/1.
  • FISHER, Alan. (1972). “Les rapports entre l'Empire ottoman et la Crimée: L'aspect financier”. Cahiers du
  • Monde Russe et Soviétique XIII/3.
  • FISHER, Alan. (1972). “Muscovy and the Black Sea Slave Trade”. Canadian-American Slavic Studies IV/4.
  • FISHER, Alan. (1973). “Azov in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries”. Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas. XXI/2.
  • FORSYTH, James. (2013). The Caucasus: A History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • FRESHFIELD, Douglas W. (1896). The Exploration of the Caucasus. cilt. I-II. London: Edward Arnold.
  • GAMBASHIDZE, D. (1918). The Caucasus: Its People, History, Economics and Present Position. London: The Anglo-Georgian Society.
  • GARUNOVA, N. N., and Nikolai Dmitrievich Chekulaev-Bratchikov. (2011). Rossiiskaia imperatorskaia armiia na Kavkaze v XVIII veke: Istoriia kizliarskogo garnizona (1735-1800 gg.). Makhachkala: Alef.
  • GMELIN, Samuel Gottlieb. (2013). Astrakhan Anno 1770: Its History, Geography, Population, Trade, Flora, Fauna and Fisheries. (çev. Willem M. Floor). Washington: Mage Publishers.
  • GÖKBİLGİN, Tayyib. (1994). “Edirne”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı.
  • GRANT, W. L. (1911). “Geographical Conditions Affecting the Development of Canada," Geographical Journal. XXXVIII/4.
  • GUELKE, Leonard. (1997). “The Relations Between Geography and History Reconsidered”. History and Theory. XXXVI/2.
  • GUTHRIE, Maria. (1802). A Tour, Performed in the Years 1795-6, through the Taurida, or Crimea. London: T. Cadell.
  • HALAÇOĞLU, Yusuf. (1991). “Anadolu (Ulaşım ve Yol Sistemi)”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı.
  • HARLEY, J. Brian. (1988). “Silences and Secrecy: The Hidden Agenda of Cartography in Early Modern Europe". Imago Mundi 40/1.
  • HERLIHY, Patricia. (1986). Odessa: A History, 1794-1914. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • IMBER, Colin. (2002). The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650. New York: Palgrave.
  • JACOB, Christian. (2006) The Sovereign Map: Theoretical Approaches in Cartography throughout History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • KAPPELER, Andreas. (1993). Russland als Vielvölkerreich: Entstehung, Geschichte, Zerfall. München: Beck.
  • KEÇECİ, Serkan. (2016). “The Grand Strategy of the Russian Empire in the Caucasus against Its Southern Rivals (1821-1833)” Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, The London School of Economics and Political Science.
  • KEÇECİ, Serkan. (2022). “Türkiye’de Rusya ve Ukrayna Tarihi Çalışmalarının Güncel Bir Eleştirisi”. Toplumsal Tarih. 342.
  • KESBÎ, Haşim Mehmet Efendi. (2012). Ahvâl-i Anapa ve Çerkes. (ed. Mustafa Özsaray) İstanbul: Kafkas Vakfı.
  • KING, Charles. (2004). The Black Sea: A History. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • KING, Charles. (2008). “The Wider Black Sea Region in the Twenty-First Century”. The Wider Black Sea Region in the 21st Century: Strategic, Economic and Energy Perspectives. (ed. Daniel Hamilton and Gerhard Mangott). Washington D.C.: Center for Transatlantic Relations.
  • KIVELSON, Valerie A. (1999). “Cartography, Autocracy and State Powerlessness: The Uses of Maps in Early Modern Russia”. Imago mundi. 51/1.
  • KIZILOV, Mikhail. (2007). “Slave Trade in the Early Modern Crimea from the Perspective of Christian, Muslim, and Jewish Sources”. Journal of Early Modern History. XI/1-2..
  • KOKKONEN, Pellervo. (2013). “Practice of Marine Cartography and the Russian Representation of the Baltic Sea in the Eighteenth Century”, Fennia-International Journal of Geography 175/1.
  • KONVITZ, Josef. (1987). Cartography in France, 1660-1848: Science, Engineering, and Statecraft. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • KORTEPETER, C. Max. (1966b). “Ġāzī Girāy II, Khan of the Crimea, and Ottoman Policy in Eastern Europe and the Caucasus, 1588-94”. Slavonic and East European Review. XXXXIV/102.
  • KORTEPETER, C. Max. (1966a). “Ottoman Imperial Policy and the Economy of the Black Sea Region in the Sixteenth Century". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 86/2.
  • KÖSE, Osman. (2006). “18. Yüzyıl İkinci Yarısı Osmanlı-Rus Savaşlarında Karadeniz Liman Kenti Samsun”. In Geçmişten Geleceğe Samsun. (ed. by Cevdet Yılmaz). Samsun: Form Ofset.
  • LAYTON, Susan. (1986). “The Creation of an Imaginative Caucasian Geography”. Slavic Review. 45/3.
  • LEDONNE, John P. (2006). “Geopolitics, Logistics, and Grain: Russia's Ambitions in the Black Sea Basin, 1737–1834”. The International History Review XXVIII/1.
  • LEVIN, E. S. (1938). Perevaly Tsentral’nogo Kavkaza. Moskva: Fizkul’tura i Turizm.
  • LIEVEN, Dominic. (2009). Russia against Napoleon: The Battle for Europe, 1807 to 1814. London: Allen Lane.
  • LİTVİNOV, M. (1884). “Kavkaz – Voenno-Geografiçeskiy Oçerk,” Voenniy Sbornik. II-III.
  • LOWRY, Heath W., - Feridun Emecen. (2012). “Trabzon”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı, 2012.
  • MACKINDER, H. J. (1909). “Geographical Conditions Affecting the British Empire: I. The British Islands”. The Geographical Journal XXXIII/4.
  • MACKINDER, Halford John. (1904). “The Geographical Pivot of History”. The Geographical Journal XXIII/ 4.
  • MACKINDER, Halford John. (1913). “The Teaching of Geography and History as a Combined Subject”. The Geographical Teacher. VII/1.
  • MAMEDOV, Mikail. (2010). “Imagining the Caucasus in Russian Imperial Consciousness, 1801-1864”. Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi. Georgetown University.
  • MILEVSKI, Lukas. (2014). “Grand Strategy and Operational Art: Companion Concepts and Their Implications for Strategy”. Comparative Strategy XXXIII/4.
  • MURPHEY, Rhoads. (1999). Ottoman Warfare, 1500-1700. London: University College London Press.
  • OSTAPCHUK, Victor. (1982). “Review: The Publication of Documents on the Crimean Khanate in the Topkapi Sarayi: New Sources for the History of the Black Sea Basin”. Harvard Ukrainian Studies. VI/4.
  • OSTAPCHUK, Victor. (2001). “The Human Landscape of the Ottoman Black Sea in the Face of the Cossack Naval Raids” Oriente Moderno. 81/1.
  • ÖZ, Mehmet. (2009). “Samsun” Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı.
  • ÖZ, Mehmet. (2009). “Sinop”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. İstanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı.
  • PALSKY, Gilles. (2008) “Connections and Exchanges in European Thematic Cartography: The Case of 19th Century Choropleth Maps”. Belgeo. III-IV.
  • PARKER, William Henry. (1968). An Historical Geography of Russia. London: University of London Press.
  • PARKIN, G. R., H. J. Mackinder ve L. S. Amery, (1911). “Geographical Conditions Affecting the Development of Canada: Discussion”. The Geographical Teacher XXXVIII/4.
  • PAŞA, Ahmed Cevdet. (1307-1889/1890) Kırım ve Kafkas Tarihçesi. İstanbul.
  • POSTNIKOV, Alexei V. (2013). “Contact and Conflict: Russian Mapping of Finland and the Development of the Russian Cartography in the 18th and 19th Centuries”. Fennia-International Journal of Geography. 171/2.
  • POSTNIKOV, Alexey V. (2002). “Maps for Ordinary Consumers versus Maps for the Military: Double Standards of Map Accuracy in Soviet Cartography, 1917-1991”. Cartography and Geographic Information Science XXIX/3.
  • POTTO, A. (1994). Kavkazskaya Voyna: ot Drevneyşih Vremen do Yermolova. cilt. I. Stavropol: Kavkazskii Kray.
  • PRYOR, John H. (1992). Geography, Technology, and War: Studies in the Maritime History of the Mediterranean, 649-1571. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • RAHÎMİZÂDE, İbrâhim Harimî. (2001). Târîh-i Osman Paşa: Özdemiroğlu Osman Paşa'nın Kafkasya Fetihleri (H.986–988/1578–1580) ve Tebriz’in Fethi (H.993/M.1585). (ed. Yunus Zeyrek). Ankara: Kültür Bakanlığı.
  • SEEGEL, Steven. (2012). Mapping Europe's Borderlands: Russian Cartography in the Age of Empire. Chicago: University Chicago Press.
  • TSUTSIEV, Arthur. (2014). Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus. (çev. Nora Seligman Favorov). London: Yale University Press.
  • TURNBULL, David. (1996). “Cartography and Science in Early Modern Europe: Mapping the Construction of Knowledge Spaces”. Imago Mundi 48/1.
  • UŞAKOV, N. İ. (1836). İstoriya Voennıh Deystvii v Aziyatskoy Turtsii v 1828 i 1829 godakh. cilt. I. Sankt Peterburg: Tipografiya Eduarda Pratsa.
  • UZUNÇARŞILI, İsmail Hakkı. (1948). Osmanlı Devletinin Merkez ve Bahriye Teşkilatı. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu.
  • WILKINSON, Spencer, Thomas Holdich, and Halford John Mackinder, (1904). “The Geographical Pivot of History: Discussion”. The Geographical Journal XXIII/4.
  • YAŞAR, Murat. (2022). The North Caucasus Borderland: Between Muscovy and the Ottoman Empire, 1555- 1605. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Toplam 95 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Yakınçağ Askeri Tarih
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Serkan Keçeci 0000-0003-2179-7584

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Mart 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 26 Şubat 2024
Kabul Tarihi 22 Mart 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 21 Sayı: 81

Kaynak Göster

APA Keçeci, S. (2024). RUSYA VE OSMANLI İMPARATORLUKLARI ARASINDAKİ COĞRAFÎ VE TARİHSEL REKABET ÜZERİNE: KAFKASYA, KARADENİZ VE SAVAŞ. Karadeniz Araştırmaları, 21(81), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.56694/karadearas.1443289
AMA Keçeci S. RUSYA VE OSMANLI İMPARATORLUKLARI ARASINDAKİ COĞRAFÎ VE TARİHSEL REKABET ÜZERİNE: KAFKASYA, KARADENİZ VE SAVAŞ. Karadeniz Araştırmaları. Mart 2024;21(81):1-26. doi:10.56694/karadearas.1443289
Chicago Keçeci, Serkan. “RUSYA VE OSMANLI İMPARATORLUKLARI ARASINDAKİ COĞRAFÎ VE TARİHSEL REKABET ÜZERİNE: KAFKASYA, KARADENİZ VE SAVAŞ”. Karadeniz Araştırmaları 21, sy. 81 (Mart 2024): 1-26. https://doi.org/10.56694/karadearas.1443289.
EndNote Keçeci S (01 Mart 2024) RUSYA VE OSMANLI İMPARATORLUKLARI ARASINDAKİ COĞRAFÎ VE TARİHSEL REKABET ÜZERİNE: KAFKASYA, KARADENİZ VE SAVAŞ. Karadeniz Araştırmaları 21 81 1–26.
IEEE S. Keçeci, “RUSYA VE OSMANLI İMPARATORLUKLARI ARASINDAKİ COĞRAFÎ VE TARİHSEL REKABET ÜZERİNE: KAFKASYA, KARADENİZ VE SAVAŞ”, Karadeniz Araştırmaları, c. 21, sy. 81, ss. 1–26, 2024, doi: 10.56694/karadearas.1443289.
ISNAD Keçeci, Serkan. “RUSYA VE OSMANLI İMPARATORLUKLARI ARASINDAKİ COĞRAFÎ VE TARİHSEL REKABET ÜZERİNE: KAFKASYA, KARADENİZ VE SAVAŞ”. Karadeniz Araştırmaları 21/81 (Mart 2024), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.56694/karadearas.1443289.
JAMA Keçeci S. RUSYA VE OSMANLI İMPARATORLUKLARI ARASINDAKİ COĞRAFÎ VE TARİHSEL REKABET ÜZERİNE: KAFKASYA, KARADENİZ VE SAVAŞ. Karadeniz Araştırmaları. 2024;21:1–26.
MLA Keçeci, Serkan. “RUSYA VE OSMANLI İMPARATORLUKLARI ARASINDAKİ COĞRAFÎ VE TARİHSEL REKABET ÜZERİNE: KAFKASYA, KARADENİZ VE SAVAŞ”. Karadeniz Araştırmaları, c. 21, sy. 81, 2024, ss. 1-26, doi:10.56694/karadearas.1443289.
Vancouver Keçeci S. RUSYA VE OSMANLI İMPARATORLUKLARI ARASINDAKİ COĞRAFÎ VE TARİHSEL REKABET ÜZERİNE: KAFKASYA, KARADENİZ VE SAVAŞ. Karadeniz Araştırmaları. 2024;21(81):1-26.