Öz
Interest in Africa, one of the world's most populated continents, is increasing day by day. Attention is on Africa with its demographic structure, the majority of the youth, the distinctiveness of its underground and aboveground riches, the existence of uncultivated agricultural lands, and its fertile lands. Due to political and/or economic reasons, this untouched region whets the appetite of other continental countries. As the superpowers of today's world, US, Russia and China also want to consolidate their position as a global actor in this new equation to be established. US, which has recently increased its interest in Africa, clearly shows that it is in this race with its strategic moves. In this study, the rivalry of the US, China and Russia, whose influence in global politics will increase, will be examined, and the bilateral relations of these countries with Africa will be discussed. The study focuses on the question of whether the US summits with Africa have an impact on mutual economic and/or political relations. In the study, in which descriptive analysis method was used, comparisons were made by making use of numerical data from time to time. With the 2022 U.S.-Africa Leaders Summit, the US aims to demonstrate its role as a global player/actor in the region by transitioning from a purely aid-based approach to a focus on trade and investment.
Kaynakça
- Adeleke, Adebayo. (2023). ‘’US- Africa: The missing link in the age of great power competition’’. The Africa Report. https://www.theafricareport.com/286240/us-africa-the-missing-link-in-the-age-of-great-power-competition/
- Benoit, Philippe – Oyewole, Bayo. (2022). ‘’Why US-Africa relations — and Africa — matter now more than ever’’. The Hill. Opinion Contributors. https://thehill.com/opinion/international/3783808-why-us-africa-relations- and-africa-matter-now-more-than-ever/
- Cohen, Herman J. (2020). US policy toward Africa: eight decades of realpolitik. Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc. USA.
- Duhamel, Constantin – Devonshire-Ellis, Chris. (2023). ‘’A 2023 Russia-African Trade Summary’’, Russia Briefing, https://www.russia-briefing.com/news/a-2023-russia-african-trade-summary.html/
- Madeira, J.P. - Ferreira, I.S. – Cardoso, N.F. (2023). ‘’Belt and Road Initia-tive: Impact and Implications for Africa– China Relations.’’ Paulo Afonso B. Duarte et al (Ed.). The Palgrave Handbook of Globalization with Chinese Characteristics: The Case of the Belt and Road Initiative. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Magu, Stephen M. (2019). Great Powers and US Foreign Policy towards Africa. Palgrave Macmillan. Switzerland.
- Mastanduno, Michael. (2019). ‘’Partner politics: Russia, China, and the chal-lenge of extending US hegemony after the Cold War.’’ Security Studies, 28(3), 479-504.
- Siegle, Joseph. (2023). ‘’Decoding Russia’s Economic Engagements in Af-rica’’, Africa Center for Strategic Studies, https://africacenter.org/spotlight/decoding-russia-economic-engagements-africa/
- Signe, Landry. (2023). ‘’VP Kamala Harris’ visit to Africa …..’’. Brookings, https://www.brookings.edu/articles/vp- kamala-harris-visit-to-africa-delivering-on-us-commitments-or-countering-china-and-russia/
- Stith, Charles R. (2021). ‘’U.S.-Africa Relations: An Opportunity Lost or Fo-und’’. Foreign Policy Research Institute. Africa Program. https://www.fpri.org/article/2021/11/u-s-africa-relations-an-opportunity-lost-or-found/
- The White House: Executive Office of the President National Security Council (2022). ‘’U.S. Strategy Toward Sub- Saharan Africa’’. Washington, DC.
- Usman, Zainab – Ovadia, Juliette – Abayo, Aline. (2022). ‘’ The U.S.-Africa Leaders Summit Marks a Seismic Shift in Relations with the Continent’’. Carnegie: Endowment for International Peace. 1-12.
- World Integrated Trade Solution. ‘’Russia Trade Summary’’, World Bank. https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/RUSSIA/Year/2020/Summary
- ‘’China – Africa Trade, http://www.sais-cari.org/data-china-africa-trade
- ‘’China-Africa trade soars on spike in commodity prices’’, Nikkei Asia, https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Trade/China-Africa-trade-soars-on-spike-in-commodity-pri- ces#:~:text=Rising%20commodity%20prices%20and%20Beijing's,while%20imports%20reached%20%24117.51%20b illion.
- ‘’Chinese Goods Gain Popularity in Africa’’, Africa Business, https://www.africa- business.com/features/chinese_goods.html
- ‘’Office of the United States Trade Representative: Africa’’. https://ustr.gov/countries-regions/africa
- ‘’The White House, President Barack Obama’’. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/us-africa-leaders- summit#section-summit-materials
- ‘’U.S. Department of State, Africa Summit’’. https://www.state.gov/africasummit/
- ‘’U.S.-SubSaharan Africa Bilateral Trade and Investment’’, https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/2022- 12/SubSaharan2021.pdf
- ‘’United States Census Bureau, US Trade with Africa’’. https://www.census.gov/foreign- trade/balance/c0013.html
Öz
Dünyanın en büyük nüfuslu kıtalarından biri olan Afrika’ya ilgi her ge-çen gün artmaktadır. Demografik yapıda gençlerin çoğunluğu oluşturması, yer altı ve üstü zenginliklerinin belirginliği, işlenmemiş tarım arazilerinin varlığı, bereketli topraklarıyla dikkatler Afrika’nın üzerindedir. Siyasi ve/veya ekonomik gerekçelerle bu bakir bölge diğer kıta ülkelerinin iştahını kabartmaktadır. Günümüz dünyasının süper güçleri olarak ABD, Rusya ve Çin de kurulacak bu yeni denklemde küresel aktörlük pozisyonlarını sağlamlaştırmak istemektedirler. Afrika’ya ilgisini son dönemde artıran ABD de yaptığı stratejik hamlelerle bu yarışta olduğunu bariz bir şekilde göstermektedir. Bu çalışmada, küresel siyasette etkisi daha da bariz bir şekilde artacak ABD, Çin ve Rusya’nın Afrika üzerindeki rekabeti irdelenerek, bu ülkelerin Afrika ile ikili ilişkileri ele alınmaktadır. Çalışma, ABD’nin Afrika ile gerçekleştirdiği zirvelerin karşılıklı ekonomik ve/veya siyasi ilişkilere etkisinin olup-olmadığı sorusuna odaklanmaktadır. Betimsel analiz yöntemi kullanılan çalışmada yer yer sayısal verilerden istifade edilerek kıyaslamalar yapılmıştır. 2022 ABD-Afrika Liderler Zirvesi ile, kıtaya dönük salt yardım yaklaşımından ticaret ve yatırım anlayışına geçiş yaparak ABD, bölgede global bir oyuncu/aktör olduğunu göstermek istemektedir.
Kaynakça
- Adeleke, Adebayo. (2023). ‘’US- Africa: The missing link in the age of great power competition’’. The Africa Report. https://www.theafricareport.com/286240/us-africa-the-missing-link-in-the-age-of-great-power-competition/
- Benoit, Philippe – Oyewole, Bayo. (2022). ‘’Why US-Africa relations — and Africa — matter now more than ever’’. The Hill. Opinion Contributors. https://thehill.com/opinion/international/3783808-why-us-africa-relations- and-africa-matter-now-more-than-ever/
- Cohen, Herman J. (2020). US policy toward Africa: eight decades of realpolitik. Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc. USA.
- Duhamel, Constantin – Devonshire-Ellis, Chris. (2023). ‘’A 2023 Russia-African Trade Summary’’, Russia Briefing, https://www.russia-briefing.com/news/a-2023-russia-african-trade-summary.html/
- Madeira, J.P. - Ferreira, I.S. – Cardoso, N.F. (2023). ‘’Belt and Road Initia-tive: Impact and Implications for Africa– China Relations.’’ Paulo Afonso B. Duarte et al (Ed.). The Palgrave Handbook of Globalization with Chinese Characteristics: The Case of the Belt and Road Initiative. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Magu, Stephen M. (2019). Great Powers and US Foreign Policy towards Africa. Palgrave Macmillan. Switzerland.
- Mastanduno, Michael. (2019). ‘’Partner politics: Russia, China, and the chal-lenge of extending US hegemony after the Cold War.’’ Security Studies, 28(3), 479-504.
- Siegle, Joseph. (2023). ‘’Decoding Russia’s Economic Engagements in Af-rica’’, Africa Center for Strategic Studies, https://africacenter.org/spotlight/decoding-russia-economic-engagements-africa/
- Signe, Landry. (2023). ‘’VP Kamala Harris’ visit to Africa …..’’. Brookings, https://www.brookings.edu/articles/vp- kamala-harris-visit-to-africa-delivering-on-us-commitments-or-countering-china-and-russia/
- Stith, Charles R. (2021). ‘’U.S.-Africa Relations: An Opportunity Lost or Fo-und’’. Foreign Policy Research Institute. Africa Program. https://www.fpri.org/article/2021/11/u-s-africa-relations-an-opportunity-lost-or-found/
- The White House: Executive Office of the President National Security Council (2022). ‘’U.S. Strategy Toward Sub- Saharan Africa’’. Washington, DC.
- Usman, Zainab – Ovadia, Juliette – Abayo, Aline. (2022). ‘’ The U.S.-Africa Leaders Summit Marks a Seismic Shift in Relations with the Continent’’. Carnegie: Endowment for International Peace. 1-12.
- World Integrated Trade Solution. ‘’Russia Trade Summary’’, World Bank. https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/RUSSIA/Year/2020/Summary
- ‘’China – Africa Trade, http://www.sais-cari.org/data-china-africa-trade
- ‘’China-Africa trade soars on spike in commodity prices’’, Nikkei Asia, https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Trade/China-Africa-trade-soars-on-spike-in-commodity-pri- ces#:~:text=Rising%20commodity%20prices%20and%20Beijing's,while%20imports%20reached%20%24117.51%20b illion.
- ‘’Chinese Goods Gain Popularity in Africa’’, Africa Business, https://www.africa- business.com/features/chinese_goods.html
- ‘’Office of the United States Trade Representative: Africa’’. https://ustr.gov/countries-regions/africa
- ‘’The White House, President Barack Obama’’. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/us-africa-leaders- summit#section-summit-materials
- ‘’U.S. Department of State, Africa Summit’’. https://www.state.gov/africasummit/
- ‘’U.S.-SubSaharan Africa Bilateral Trade and Investment’’, https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/2022- 12/SubSaharan2021.pdf
- ‘’United States Census Bureau, US Trade with Africa’’. https://www.census.gov/foreign- trade/balance/c0013.html
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Afrika Çalışmaları, Uluslararası İlişkiler (Diğer) |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 15 Eylül 2023 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 8 Temmuz 2023 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 2 Eylül 2023 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2023 Sayı: 10 |
Mevzu – Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.