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The Contribution of Defense Industry Expenditures to Economic Growth: The Case Of Turkiye

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 225 - 244

Mehmet Akif Kara Tuba Aksu

https://doi.org/10.58702/teyd.1338502

Öz

Defense is one of the basic conditions of being a statehood. Countries make defense expenditures in order to protect their independence, provide border security against internal and external threats. Defense expenditures may also have some effects on economic development. Therefore, the contribution of Türkiye's defense expenditure to economic growth is the aim of this study. In order to examine the contribution of defense expenditures to the economic growth in Türkiye, VAR analysis was conducted for the years between 1990-2021. In the analysis, per capita income, defense expenditures/GDP, Labor Force Participation Rate, Gross Capital Formation, R&D/GDP variables were used. These variables were obtained from the World Bank (WDI) database. The data used in the study was tested with VAR and Johansen Cointegration Analysis method. According to the results of the study, it was found that defense spending affects economic growth in Türkiye in the long run.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Defense Expenditure Growth Turkey Defense Industry

Kaynakça

  • Aizenman, J. ve Glick, R. (2006). Military expenditure, threats and growth, Journal Of International Trade and Economic Development, 15, 129-155. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638190600689095
  • Anwar, M. A., Rafique, Z. ve Joiya, S. A. (2012). Defense spending-economic growth nexus: a case study of Pakistan. Pakistan Economic and Social Review, 50, 163-182.
  • Ayres, R. (1983). Arms production as a form of import-substatuting industrialization: the Turkish case. World Development, 11, 813-823.
  • Başar, S. ve Künü, S. (2012). Savunma harcamalarının iktisadi büyümeye etkisi. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 39, 223-237.
  • Benoit, E. (1978). Growth and defense expenditure. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 26, 271–280. https://doi.org/10.1086/451015
  • Braşoveanu, L. O. (2010). The impact of defense expenditure on economic growth. Romanian Journal of Economic Forecasting, 13, 147-168.
  • Çevik, E. İ. ve Bektaş, G. (2019). Savunma harcamaları ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Türkiye örneği. Balkan Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 8, 299-236.
  • Çınar, İ. ve Ünsal, Y. (2021). Askeri harcamalar ve ekonomik büyüme: orta doğu ülkeleri açısından benoit hipotezinin sınanması. Cumhuriyet Dergisi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 22, 276-289. https://doi.org/10.37880/cumuiibf.959998
  • Darukah, A., Davies, P. ve Sampath, K. (2001). Defense spending and economic growth in developing countries: a causality analysis. Journal of Policy Modeling, 23, 651-658.
  • Dritsakis, N. (2004). Defense spending and economic growth: an empirical ınvestigation for Greece and Turkey. Journal of Policy Modeling, 26, 249-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2004.03.011
  • Dunne, J. P. ve Nikolaidou, E. (2005). Military spending and economic growth in Greece, Portugal and Spain. Frontiers In Finance and Economics, 2, 1-17.
  • Dunne, J. P., Smith, R. P. ve Willenbocker, D. (2005). Models of military expenditure and growth: a critical review. Defence and Peace Economics, 16, 449-461. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242690500167791
  • Enimola, S. ve Akoko, A. (2011). Defense expenditure and economic growth: the Nigeria experience 1977-2006. Batswanan Journal Of Economics, 8(12), 26-44.
  • Erdoğdu, O. S. (2006). Political decisions, defence and growth. MPRA, 2520, 1-17.
  • Feridun, M., Sawhney, B. ve Shahbaz, M. (2011). The impact of military spending on economic growth: The case of north Cyprus. Defence and Peace Economics, 22, 555–562. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2011.562370
  • Gerace, M. P. (2002). US Military expenditure and economic growth: some evidence from spectral methods. Defence and Peace Economics, 13, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242690210966
  • Görkem, H. ve Işık, S. (2008). Türkiye’de savunma harcamaları ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki (1968-2006). Marmara Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 25(2), 405-424.
  • Halıcıoğlu, F. (2004). Defense spending and economic growth in Turkey: an empirical application of new macroeconomic theory. Review of Middle East Economics and Finance, 2, 193-201. https://doi.org/10.1080/1475368042000299631 İstiklal, D. (2022). Türk savunma sanayii modeli ve teknolojik dönüşüm. (1. Basım). SETA.
  • Johansen, S. ve Juselius, K. (1990). Maximum likelihood estimation and inference on cointegration –with application to the demand for money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52, 169-210. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1990.mp52002003.x
  • Karagianni, S. ve Pempetzoglu, M. (2009). Defense spending and economic growth in Turkey: a linear and non-linear granger causality approach. Defence and Peace Economics, 20, 139-148. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242690801923173
  • Karagöl, E. ve Palaz, S. (2004). Does defence expenditure deter economic growth in Turkey? a cointegration analysis. Defence and Peace Economics, 15(3), 289-298. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242690320001608908
  • Khalid, U. ve Habimana, O. (2019). Military spending and economic growth in Turkey: a wavalet approach., Defence And Peace Economics, 32, 362-376. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2019.1664865
  • Manchester, C. (2017). The relationship between defense expenditures and economic growth: A granger causality approach. Business/Business Administration, 5, 1-21
  • Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50, 370-396. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0054346
  • Mylonidis, N. (2008). Revisiting the nexus between military spending and growth in the European Union. Defence and Peace Economics, 19, 265-272. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242690802164801
  • Naimoğlu, M. ve Özbek, S. (2022). Türkiye’de savunma harcamaları ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisinin yeniden gözden geçirilmesi: Fourier yaklaşımı. İzmir İktisat Dergisi, 37, 174-188. https://doi.org/10.24988/ije.909072
  • Özsoy, O. (2008). Government budget deficits, defence expenditure and income distribution: the case of Turkey. Defence and Peace Economics, 19(1), 61-75. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242690701347689
  • Pan, C. I., Chang, T. ve Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2015). Military spending and economic growth in the Middle East Countries: Bootstrap panel causality Test, Defence and Peace Economics, 26(4), 443–456. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2014.891356
  • Paparas, D., Richter, C. ve Paparas, A. (2016). Military spending and economic growth in Greece and the arms race between Greece and Turkey. Journal of Economics Library, 3, 38-56.
  • Saba, C. S. ve Ngepah, N. (2019). Military expenditure and economic growth: evidence from a heterogeneous panel of African countries. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 32, 3586-3606. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2019.1674179
  • Sezgin, S. (2001). An empirical analysis of Turkey’s defense-growth relationships with multiequation model. Defence and Peace Economics, 12, 69-86. https://doi.org/10.1080/10430710108404977
  • Shahbaz, M., Afza, T. ve Shabbir, M. S. (2013). Does defence spending ımpede economic growth? Cointegration and causality analysis for Pakistan. Defence and Peace Economics, 24, 105-120. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2012.723159
  • Sua, C., Xub, Y., Changc, H. L., Lobontd, O. R. ve Liue, Z. (2018). Dynamic causalities between defense expenditure and economic growth in China: evidence from rolling granger causality test. Defence And Peace Economics, 31, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2018.1505583
  • Sümer, K. K. (2013). Ekonometriye giriş. (3. Basım). Beşir Kitabevi.
  • Şenesen, G. (2002). Türkiye’de savunma harcamaları ve ekonomik etkileri, 1980-2001. (1. Basım). TESEV Yayınları.
  • Tang, C. F. (2008). Defence expenditure and economic growth in Malaysia: A reassessment using bounds and modified wald tests. The IUP Journal of Public Finance, 6, 45-51.
  • Tarı, R. (2011). Ekonometri. (7. Basım). Umuttepe Yayınları.
  • T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı (2023). On birinci kalkınma planı. https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/On_Birinci_Kalkinma_Plani-2019-2023.pdf adresinden 10 Ocak 2023 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Tiwari, A. K. ve Shahbaz, M. (2013). Does defence spending stimulate economic growth in India? A revisit. Defence and Peace Economics, 24, 371-395. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2012.710814
  • Umar, M. A., Bakar, A. ve Sufian, A. (2015). Defence expenditure and economic growth in Malaysia: an application of toda-yamamoto dynamic granger causality test 1980-2014. Amity Business Review, 16, 24-31.
  • Yıldırtan, D. (2010). E-Views uygulamalı temel ekonometri. (3. Basım). Türkmen Kitabevi.
  • WDI (Dünya Bankası) (2023). World development indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators adresinden 10 Ocak 2023 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Wijeweera, A. ve Webb, M. J. (2009). Military spending and economic growth in Sri Lanka: A time series analysis. Defence and Peace Economics, 20, 499-508. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242690902868301

Savunma Sanayi Harcamalarının Ekonomik Büyümeye Katkısı: Türkiye Örneği

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 225 - 244

Mehmet Akif Kara Tuba Aksu

https://doi.org/10.58702/teyd.1338502

Öz

Savunma, devlet olmanın temel koşullarından biridir. Ülkeler bağımsızlığını, sınır güvenliğini, iç ve dış tehditlere karşı korunma amacıyla savunma harcamaları yapmaktadır. Yapılan bu savunma harcamalarının aynı zamanda ekonomik gelişim üzerinde birtakım etkileri gündeme gelebilmektedir. Dolayısıyla Türkiye’nin yapmış olduğu savunma harcamasının ekonomik büyümeye olan katkısı çalışmanın amacını oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada Türkiye’de savunma harcamasının ekonomik büyümeye olan katkısını incelemek amacıyla 1990-2021 yılları için Vector Autoregression (VAR) analizi yapılmıştır. Analizde kişi başına düşen gelir (GSYİH), Savunma Harcamaları/GSYİH değişkeni, İşgücüne Katılım Oranı, Sabit Sermaye yatırımı ve AR-GE/GSYİH değişkenleri kullanılmıştır. Bu değişkenler Dünya Bankası (WDI) veri tabanından temin edilmiştir. Çalışmada kullanılan veriler VAR ve Johansen Eşbütünleşme Analizi yöntemiyle test edilmiştir. Çalışma sonuçlarına göre savunma harcamasının ekonomik büyümeyi uzun dönemde etkilediği bulgusu elde edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Savunma Harcaması Büyüme Türkiye Savunma Sanayi

Kaynakça

  • Aizenman, J. ve Glick, R. (2006). Military expenditure, threats and growth, Journal Of International Trade and Economic Development, 15, 129-155. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638190600689095
  • Anwar, M. A., Rafique, Z. ve Joiya, S. A. (2012). Defense spending-economic growth nexus: a case study of Pakistan. Pakistan Economic and Social Review, 50, 163-182.
  • Ayres, R. (1983). Arms production as a form of import-substatuting industrialization: the Turkish case. World Development, 11, 813-823.
  • Başar, S. ve Künü, S. (2012). Savunma harcamalarının iktisadi büyümeye etkisi. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 39, 223-237.
  • Benoit, E. (1978). Growth and defense expenditure. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 26, 271–280. https://doi.org/10.1086/451015
  • Braşoveanu, L. O. (2010). The impact of defense expenditure on economic growth. Romanian Journal of Economic Forecasting, 13, 147-168.
  • Çevik, E. İ. ve Bektaş, G. (2019). Savunma harcamaları ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Türkiye örneği. Balkan Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 8, 299-236.
  • Çınar, İ. ve Ünsal, Y. (2021). Askeri harcamalar ve ekonomik büyüme: orta doğu ülkeleri açısından benoit hipotezinin sınanması. Cumhuriyet Dergisi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 22, 276-289. https://doi.org/10.37880/cumuiibf.959998
  • Darukah, A., Davies, P. ve Sampath, K. (2001). Defense spending and economic growth in developing countries: a causality analysis. Journal of Policy Modeling, 23, 651-658.
  • Dritsakis, N. (2004). Defense spending and economic growth: an empirical ınvestigation for Greece and Turkey. Journal of Policy Modeling, 26, 249-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2004.03.011
  • Dunne, J. P. ve Nikolaidou, E. (2005). Military spending and economic growth in Greece, Portugal and Spain. Frontiers In Finance and Economics, 2, 1-17.
  • Dunne, J. P., Smith, R. P. ve Willenbocker, D. (2005). Models of military expenditure and growth: a critical review. Defence and Peace Economics, 16, 449-461. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242690500167791
  • Enimola, S. ve Akoko, A. (2011). Defense expenditure and economic growth: the Nigeria experience 1977-2006. Batswanan Journal Of Economics, 8(12), 26-44.
  • Erdoğdu, O. S. (2006). Political decisions, defence and growth. MPRA, 2520, 1-17.
  • Feridun, M., Sawhney, B. ve Shahbaz, M. (2011). The impact of military spending on economic growth: The case of north Cyprus. Defence and Peace Economics, 22, 555–562. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2011.562370
  • Gerace, M. P. (2002). US Military expenditure and economic growth: some evidence from spectral methods. Defence and Peace Economics, 13, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242690210966
  • Görkem, H. ve Işık, S. (2008). Türkiye’de savunma harcamaları ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişki (1968-2006). Marmara Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 25(2), 405-424.
  • Halıcıoğlu, F. (2004). Defense spending and economic growth in Turkey: an empirical application of new macroeconomic theory. Review of Middle East Economics and Finance, 2, 193-201. https://doi.org/10.1080/1475368042000299631 İstiklal, D. (2022). Türk savunma sanayii modeli ve teknolojik dönüşüm. (1. Basım). SETA.
  • Johansen, S. ve Juselius, K. (1990). Maximum likelihood estimation and inference on cointegration –with application to the demand for money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52, 169-210. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1990.mp52002003.x
  • Karagianni, S. ve Pempetzoglu, M. (2009). Defense spending and economic growth in Turkey: a linear and non-linear granger causality approach. Defence and Peace Economics, 20, 139-148. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242690801923173
  • Karagöl, E. ve Palaz, S. (2004). Does defence expenditure deter economic growth in Turkey? a cointegration analysis. Defence and Peace Economics, 15(3), 289-298. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242690320001608908
  • Khalid, U. ve Habimana, O. (2019). Military spending and economic growth in Turkey: a wavalet approach., Defence And Peace Economics, 32, 362-376. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2019.1664865
  • Manchester, C. (2017). The relationship between defense expenditures and economic growth: A granger causality approach. Business/Business Administration, 5, 1-21
  • Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50, 370-396. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0054346
  • Mylonidis, N. (2008). Revisiting the nexus between military spending and growth in the European Union. Defence and Peace Economics, 19, 265-272. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242690802164801
  • Naimoğlu, M. ve Özbek, S. (2022). Türkiye’de savunma harcamaları ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisinin yeniden gözden geçirilmesi: Fourier yaklaşımı. İzmir İktisat Dergisi, 37, 174-188. https://doi.org/10.24988/ije.909072
  • Özsoy, O. (2008). Government budget deficits, defence expenditure and income distribution: the case of Turkey. Defence and Peace Economics, 19(1), 61-75. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242690701347689
  • Pan, C. I., Chang, T. ve Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2015). Military spending and economic growth in the Middle East Countries: Bootstrap panel causality Test, Defence and Peace Economics, 26(4), 443–456. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2014.891356
  • Paparas, D., Richter, C. ve Paparas, A. (2016). Military spending and economic growth in Greece and the arms race between Greece and Turkey. Journal of Economics Library, 3, 38-56.
  • Saba, C. S. ve Ngepah, N. (2019). Military expenditure and economic growth: evidence from a heterogeneous panel of African countries. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 32, 3586-3606. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2019.1674179
  • Sezgin, S. (2001). An empirical analysis of Turkey’s defense-growth relationships with multiequation model. Defence and Peace Economics, 12, 69-86. https://doi.org/10.1080/10430710108404977
  • Shahbaz, M., Afza, T. ve Shabbir, M. S. (2013). Does defence spending ımpede economic growth? Cointegration and causality analysis for Pakistan. Defence and Peace Economics, 24, 105-120. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2012.723159
  • Sua, C., Xub, Y., Changc, H. L., Lobontd, O. R. ve Liue, Z. (2018). Dynamic causalities between defense expenditure and economic growth in China: evidence from rolling granger causality test. Defence And Peace Economics, 31, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2018.1505583
  • Sümer, K. K. (2013). Ekonometriye giriş. (3. Basım). Beşir Kitabevi.
  • Şenesen, G. (2002). Türkiye’de savunma harcamaları ve ekonomik etkileri, 1980-2001. (1. Basım). TESEV Yayınları.
  • Tang, C. F. (2008). Defence expenditure and economic growth in Malaysia: A reassessment using bounds and modified wald tests. The IUP Journal of Public Finance, 6, 45-51.
  • Tarı, R. (2011). Ekonometri. (7. Basım). Umuttepe Yayınları.
  • T.C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı (2023). On birinci kalkınma planı. https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/On_Birinci_Kalkinma_Plani-2019-2023.pdf adresinden 10 Ocak 2023 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Tiwari, A. K. ve Shahbaz, M. (2013). Does defence spending stimulate economic growth in India? A revisit. Defence and Peace Economics, 24, 371-395. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2012.710814
  • Umar, M. A., Bakar, A. ve Sufian, A. (2015). Defence expenditure and economic growth in Malaysia: an application of toda-yamamoto dynamic granger causality test 1980-2014. Amity Business Review, 16, 24-31.
  • Yıldırtan, D. (2010). E-Views uygulamalı temel ekonometri. (3. Basım). Türkmen Kitabevi.
  • WDI (Dünya Bankası) (2023). World development indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators adresinden 10 Ocak 2023 tarihinde alınmıştır.
  • Wijeweera, A. ve Webb, M. J. (2009). Military spending and economic growth in Sri Lanka: A time series analysis. Defence and Peace Economics, 20, 499-508. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242690902868301
Toplam 43 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Büyüme
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Mehmet Akif Kara 0000-0001-6664-4755

Tuba Aksu 0000-0001-5365-5076

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 14 Mart 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Kara, M. A., & Aksu, T. (2024). Savunma Sanayi Harcamalarının Ekonomik Büyümeye Katkısı: Türkiye Örneği. Toplum Ekonomi Ve Yönetim Dergisi, 5(2), 225-244. https://doi.org/10.58702/teyd.1338502
AMA Kara MA, Aksu T. Savunma Sanayi Harcamalarının Ekonomik Büyümeye Katkısı: Türkiye Örneği. TEYD. Mart 2024;5(2):225-244. doi:10.58702/teyd.1338502
Chicago Kara, Mehmet Akif, ve Tuba Aksu. “Savunma Sanayi Harcamalarının Ekonomik Büyümeye Katkısı: Türkiye Örneği”. Toplum Ekonomi Ve Yönetim Dergisi 5, sy. 2 (Mart 2024): 225-44. https://doi.org/10.58702/teyd.1338502.
EndNote Kara MA, Aksu T (01 Mart 2024) Savunma Sanayi Harcamalarının Ekonomik Büyümeye Katkısı: Türkiye Örneği. Toplum Ekonomi ve Yönetim Dergisi 5 2 225–244.
IEEE M. A. Kara ve T. Aksu, “Savunma Sanayi Harcamalarının Ekonomik Büyümeye Katkısı: Türkiye Örneği”, TEYD, c. 5, sy. 2, ss. 225–244, 2024, doi: 10.58702/teyd.1338502.
ISNAD Kara, Mehmet Akif - Aksu, Tuba. “Savunma Sanayi Harcamalarının Ekonomik Büyümeye Katkısı: Türkiye Örneği”. Toplum Ekonomi ve Yönetim Dergisi 5/2 (Mart 2024), 225-244. https://doi.org/10.58702/teyd.1338502.
JAMA Kara MA, Aksu T. Savunma Sanayi Harcamalarının Ekonomik Büyümeye Katkısı: Türkiye Örneği. TEYD. 2024;5:225–244.
MLA Kara, Mehmet Akif ve Tuba Aksu. “Savunma Sanayi Harcamalarının Ekonomik Büyümeye Katkısı: Türkiye Örneği”. Toplum Ekonomi Ve Yönetim Dergisi, c. 5, sy. 2, 2024, ss. 225-44, doi:10.58702/teyd.1338502.
Vancouver Kara MA, Aksu T. Savunma Sanayi Harcamalarının Ekonomik Büyümeye Katkısı: Türkiye Örneği. TEYD. 2024;5(2):225-44.