Öz
Bu çalışma, Türk sivil-asker ilişkilerini iki farklı modelin (ayırma modeli ve mutabakat modeli) yardımıyla incelemeyi ve bu suretle sivil-asker ilişkileri analizine yeni bir perspektif kazandırmayı amaçlamıştır. İlk önce, ayırma ve mutabakat modellerinin kısaca gözden geçirildiği bir teorik çerçeveye yer verilmiştir. İkinci olarak, Türkiye’deki belli başlı dört askeri müdahalenin (1960, 1971, 1980 ve 1997) kısa bir özetinin yer aldığı tarihçe bölümü sunulmuştur. Sonrasında da, Türk sivil-asker ilişkileri, ayırma ve mutabakat modelleri yardımıyla analiz edilmiş ve hangi modelin Türkiye örneğine daha uygun olduğu tartışılmıştır. Yapılan analizde, mutabakat modelinin Türkiye’deki sivil-asker ilişkilerini açıklamak için daha uygun olduğu, ancak Türkiye örneği dikkate alındığında, bazı metodolojik zayıflıklara sahip olduğu ve tadil edilmesi gerektiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Sivil-Asker İlişkileri Askeri Vesayet Ayırma Modeli Mutabakat Modeli Türk Sivil-Asker İlişkileri
Kaynakça
- Ahmad, Feroz. The Making of Modern Turkey, London and New York, Routledge, 1993.
- Andersen, John M. Civil–Military Relations and Concordance Theory: A Case Study of Argentina, MA Thesis, Naval Post Graduate School, Monterey, USA, 1998.
- Arı, Leman Başak. Civil-Military Relations in Turkey, Published MA thesis, Department of Political Science Texas State University, https://digital.library.txstate.edu/bit stream/handle/10877/3517/fulltext.pdf, (Accessed on 01 November 2016).
- Aydınlı, Ersel. “A Paradigmatic Shift for the Turkish General and an End to the Coup Era in Turkey”, The Middle East Journal, Vol.63, No.4, 2009, p.581-596.
- Altınay, G. Ayşe. The Myth of Military-Nation, New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2004, p.87-89.
- Burak, Begüm. “To Guard Whom and from What?”, European Journal of Economic and Political Studies, Vol.4, No.1, 2011, p.153.
- Burak, Begüm. “Osmanlı'dan Günümüze Ordu-Siyaset İlişkileri”, History Studies, Vol.3, No.1, 2011, p.45-57.
- Cerulo, A. Karen. “Symbols and the World System: National Anthems and Flags”, Sociological Forum, Vol.8, No.2, 1993, p.243-271.
- Demirel, Tanel. “Soldiers and Civilians: The Dilemma of Turkish Democracy”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.40, No.1, 2004, p.127-150.
- Hale, William. Turkish Politics and the Military, London, New York, Routledge, 1994.
- Halistoprak, T. Burak. Construction of Civil-Military Relations in Turkey, Unpublished MA Thesis, Department of International Relations Bilkent University, 2011.
- Hanioglu, Sükrü M. Atatürk: An Intellectual Biography, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 2012.
- Huntington, Samuel P. Political Order in Changing Societies, New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1978.
- Huntington, Samuel P. Asker ve Devlet, Ankara, Türk Demokrasi Vakfı Yayınları, 1993.
- Huntington, Samuel P. The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1994.
- Huntington, Samuel P. “Reforming Civil–Military Relations”, Larry Diamond & Marc F. Plattner (Eds.), Civil–Military Relations and Democracy, Baltimore and London, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.
- Karabelias, Gerassimos. Civil–Military Relations: A Comparative Analysis of the Role of the Military in the Political Transformation of Post-War Turkey and Greece: 1980-1995, Report to NATO, 1998, http://www.nato.int/acad /fellow /96-98/ karabeli.pdf, (Accessed on 01 November 2016).
- Meyer, Kestnbaum. “Citizenship and Compulsory Military Service: The Revolutionary Origins of conscription in the United States”, Armed Forces & Society, Vol.27, No.1, 2000, p.7-36.
- Kaplan, Sam. “Din-u Devlet All Over Again? The Politics of Military Secularism and Religious Militarism in Turkey Following the 1980 Coup”, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol.34, No.1, 2002, p.113-127.
- MetroPOLL. Türkiye'de Darbeler ve Darbe Yargılamaları, 2012, www.metropoll.com.tr/aras tirmalar/siyasi-arastirma- 9/1716, (Accessed on 26 October 2016).
- Narlı, Nilüfer. “Civil-Military Relations in Turkey”, Turkish Studies, Vol.1, No.1, 2000, p.107-127.
- Narlı, Nilüfer. “Changes in the Turkish Security Culture and in the Civil–Military Relations”, Western Balkans Security Observer, 2009, p.56-83.
- Narlı, Nilüfer. “Concordance and Discordance in Turkish Civil–Military Relations”, Turkish Studies, Vol.12, No.2, 2011, p.215-225.
- Sarıgil, Zeki. “Public Opinion and Attitude toward the Military and Democratic Consolidation in Turkey”, Armed Forces & Society, Nov. 5, 2013, http://yoksis.bilkent.edu.tr/pdf/files/10.1177-0095327X1304573.pdf (Accessed on 29 November 2016).
- Sarıgil, Zeki. “Civil–Military Relations beyond Dichotomy: With Special Reference to Turkey”, Turkish Studies, Vol.12, No.2, 2011, p.265-78.
- Sarıgil, Zeki. “The Turkish Military: Principal or Agent?”, Armed Forces & Society, Vol.40, No.1, 2012, p.168-190.
- Sarıgil, Zeki. “Public Opinion and Attitude toward the Military and Democratic Consolidation in Turkey”, Armed Forces & Society, Vol.41, No.2, 2013, p.282-306.
- Serra, Narcis. Demokratikleşme Sürecinde Ordu: Silahlı Kuvvetlerin Demokratik Reformu Üzerine Düşünceler, Çev. Şahika Tokel, İstanbul, İletişim Yayınları, 2011.
- Schiff, Rebecca L. “Civil Military Relations Reconsidered: A Theory of Concordance”, Armed Forces and Society, Vol.22, No.1, 1995, p.7-27.
- Schiff, Rebecca L. The Military and Domestic Politics: A Concordance Theory of Civil-Military Relations, New York, Routledge, 2009.
- Uluçakar, Mustafa. Türkiye’de Sivil-Asker İlişkileri ve Ordunun Demokratik Kontrolü, Unpublished PhD Dissertation, Ankara, Hacettepe University, Institute of Social Sciences, 2013.
- Uluçakar, Mustafa & Ali Çağlar. “Turkish Professional Military Education and Civilian Control”, Journal of Social Sciences of the Turkic World, Vol.79, Güz’16, p.173-198.
- Wick, Gregory J. Professionalism in the Turkish Military: Help or Hindrance to Civilian Control, MA Thesis, Naval Post Graduate School, Monterey, USA, 2000.
- Yalçın, Soner. “Demokrat Parti’nin ‘balans ayarı’ 6 Haziran 1950 darbesi”, Hürriyet Gazetesi, 4 March 2007, http://hurarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/goster/haber.aspx?id=6056703, (Accessed on 28 October 2016).
- Zanotti, Jim. “Turkey: Failed Coup and Implications for U.S. Policy”, Federation of American Scientist, CRS INSIGHT, July 19, 2016 (IN10533), available at: www.fas.org/sgp/ crs/mideast/IN10533.pdf, (Accessed on 9 November 2016).
Öz
This article analyzes Turkish civil-military relations with the help of two different models of civil-military relations (separation and concordance) in order to bring a new perspective to the analysis of civil-military relations. The article begins with a short review of the theoretical framework of the separation and concordance models, followed by a brief history of four military interventions that occurred in Turkey in 1960, 1971, 1980, and 1997. The article will then analyze Turkish civil-military relations through the separation and concordance models in an attempt to decide which model would be more appropriate to explain the Turkish case. It reaches the conclusion that the concordance model is more appropriate than the separation model to serve that purpose. However, the concordance model has some methodological weaknesses, requiring modification in order to properly analyze the case of Turkey.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Civil-Military Relations Military Guardianship Separation Model Concordance Model Turkish Civil-Military Relations
Kaynakça
- Ahmad, Feroz. The Making of Modern Turkey, London and New York, Routledge, 1993.
- Andersen, John M. Civil–Military Relations and Concordance Theory: A Case Study of Argentina, MA Thesis, Naval Post Graduate School, Monterey, USA, 1998.
- Arı, Leman Başak. Civil-Military Relations in Turkey, Published MA thesis, Department of Political Science Texas State University, https://digital.library.txstate.edu/bit stream/handle/10877/3517/fulltext.pdf, (Accessed on 01 November 2016).
- Aydınlı, Ersel. “A Paradigmatic Shift for the Turkish General and an End to the Coup Era in Turkey”, The Middle East Journal, Vol.63, No.4, 2009, p.581-596.
- Altınay, G. Ayşe. The Myth of Military-Nation, New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2004, p.87-89.
- Burak, Begüm. “To Guard Whom and from What?”, European Journal of Economic and Political Studies, Vol.4, No.1, 2011, p.153.
- Burak, Begüm. “Osmanlı'dan Günümüze Ordu-Siyaset İlişkileri”, History Studies, Vol.3, No.1, 2011, p.45-57.
- Cerulo, A. Karen. “Symbols and the World System: National Anthems and Flags”, Sociological Forum, Vol.8, No.2, 1993, p.243-271.
- Demirel, Tanel. “Soldiers and Civilians: The Dilemma of Turkish Democracy”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.40, No.1, 2004, p.127-150.
- Hale, William. Turkish Politics and the Military, London, New York, Routledge, 1994.
- Halistoprak, T. Burak. Construction of Civil-Military Relations in Turkey, Unpublished MA Thesis, Department of International Relations Bilkent University, 2011.
- Hanioglu, Sükrü M. Atatürk: An Intellectual Biography, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 2012.
- Huntington, Samuel P. Political Order in Changing Societies, New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1978.
- Huntington, Samuel P. Asker ve Devlet, Ankara, Türk Demokrasi Vakfı Yayınları, 1993.
- Huntington, Samuel P. The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1994.
- Huntington, Samuel P. “Reforming Civil–Military Relations”, Larry Diamond & Marc F. Plattner (Eds.), Civil–Military Relations and Democracy, Baltimore and London, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.
- Karabelias, Gerassimos. Civil–Military Relations: A Comparative Analysis of the Role of the Military in the Political Transformation of Post-War Turkey and Greece: 1980-1995, Report to NATO, 1998, http://www.nato.int/acad /fellow /96-98/ karabeli.pdf, (Accessed on 01 November 2016).
- Meyer, Kestnbaum. “Citizenship and Compulsory Military Service: The Revolutionary Origins of conscription in the United States”, Armed Forces & Society, Vol.27, No.1, 2000, p.7-36.
- Kaplan, Sam. “Din-u Devlet All Over Again? The Politics of Military Secularism and Religious Militarism in Turkey Following the 1980 Coup”, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol.34, No.1, 2002, p.113-127.
- MetroPOLL. Türkiye'de Darbeler ve Darbe Yargılamaları, 2012, www.metropoll.com.tr/aras tirmalar/siyasi-arastirma- 9/1716, (Accessed on 26 October 2016).
- Narlı, Nilüfer. “Civil-Military Relations in Turkey”, Turkish Studies, Vol.1, No.1, 2000, p.107-127.
- Narlı, Nilüfer. “Changes in the Turkish Security Culture and in the Civil–Military Relations”, Western Balkans Security Observer, 2009, p.56-83.
- Narlı, Nilüfer. “Concordance and Discordance in Turkish Civil–Military Relations”, Turkish Studies, Vol.12, No.2, 2011, p.215-225.
- Sarıgil, Zeki. “Public Opinion and Attitude toward the Military and Democratic Consolidation in Turkey”, Armed Forces & Society, Nov. 5, 2013, http://yoksis.bilkent.edu.tr/pdf/files/10.1177-0095327X1304573.pdf (Accessed on 29 November 2016).
- Sarıgil, Zeki. “Civil–Military Relations beyond Dichotomy: With Special Reference to Turkey”, Turkish Studies, Vol.12, No.2, 2011, p.265-78.
- Sarıgil, Zeki. “The Turkish Military: Principal or Agent?”, Armed Forces & Society, Vol.40, No.1, 2012, p.168-190.
- Sarıgil, Zeki. “Public Opinion and Attitude toward the Military and Democratic Consolidation in Turkey”, Armed Forces & Society, Vol.41, No.2, 2013, p.282-306.
- Serra, Narcis. Demokratikleşme Sürecinde Ordu: Silahlı Kuvvetlerin Demokratik Reformu Üzerine Düşünceler, Çev. Şahika Tokel, İstanbul, İletişim Yayınları, 2011.
- Schiff, Rebecca L. “Civil Military Relations Reconsidered: A Theory of Concordance”, Armed Forces and Society, Vol.22, No.1, 1995, p.7-27.
- Schiff, Rebecca L. The Military and Domestic Politics: A Concordance Theory of Civil-Military Relations, New York, Routledge, 2009.
- Uluçakar, Mustafa. Türkiye’de Sivil-Asker İlişkileri ve Ordunun Demokratik Kontrolü, Unpublished PhD Dissertation, Ankara, Hacettepe University, Institute of Social Sciences, 2013.
- Uluçakar, Mustafa & Ali Çağlar. “Turkish Professional Military Education and Civilian Control”, Journal of Social Sciences of the Turkic World, Vol.79, Güz’16, p.173-198.
- Wick, Gregory J. Professionalism in the Turkish Military: Help or Hindrance to Civilian Control, MA Thesis, Naval Post Graduate School, Monterey, USA, 2000.
- Yalçın, Soner. “Demokrat Parti’nin ‘balans ayarı’ 6 Haziran 1950 darbesi”, Hürriyet Gazetesi, 4 March 2007, http://hurarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/goster/haber.aspx?id=6056703, (Accessed on 28 October 2016).
- Zanotti, Jim. “Turkey: Failed Coup and Implications for U.S. Policy”, Federation of American Scientist, CRS INSIGHT, July 19, 2016 (IN10533), available at: www.fas.org/sgp/ crs/mideast/IN10533.pdf, (Accessed on 9 November 2016).
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 1 Eylül 2017 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2017 Cilt: 14 Sayı: 55 |
