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Turkish-Russian Relations During AK Parti Rule: Could Economic Partnership Transform into a Strategic Partnership? A Realistic Outlook

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 126 - 145, 30.01.2020

Ozan Örmeci

Öz

Following the end of Cold War, Turkish-Russian relations entered into a new era of continuous progress. While Turkey’s political and military ties with NATO and the United States persisted, Turkish-Russian cooperation quickly deepened in terms of energy sector and economy in general. Thus, in the early 2010s, two countries began to be labeled as “economic partners”. However, disagreements between Ankara and Moscow continued in various political and diplomatic issues. Moreover, due to tensions caused by the Syrian civil war, Turkish-Russian relations entered into a short turbulent period between 2015 and 2016 with the “jet crisis” and the “Karlov assassination”. This article aims to discuss the prospects of Turkish-Russian relations from a Realist perspective and to question whether developing “economic partnership” could actually transform into a “strategic partnership”.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Turkish-Russian Relations Realism Economic Partnership Strategic Partnership Ak Parti

Kaynakça

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AK Parti Döneminde Türkiye-Rusya İlişkileri: Ekonomik Müttefiklik Stratejik Müttefikliğe Dönüşebilir mi? Gerçekçi bir Bakış Açısı

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 126 - 145, 30.01.2020

Ozan Örmeci

Öz

Soğuk Savaş dönemi sonrasında, Türkiye-Rusya ilişkileri, sürekli gelişim kaydedilen yeni bir sürece girmiştir. NATO ve ABD ile siyasi ve askeri bağlar devam etse de, özellikle enerji sektöründe ve genel olarak ekonomide Türk-Rus ilişkileri derinleşmiştir. Bu nedenle, iki ülke, 2010’lu yıllardan itibaren “ekonomik müttefik” olarak adlandırılmaya başlanmıştır. Ancak Ankara ile Moskova arasındaki çeşitli siyasi ve diplomatik anlaşmazlıklar bu dönemde de sürmüştür. Dahası, Suriye iç savaşının yarattığı gerginlikler nedeniyle, 2015-2016 döneminde Türk-Rus İlişkileri, “jet krizi” ve “Karlov suikastı” nedeniyle kısa bir türbülans dönemine girmiştir. Bu makale, Türkiye-Rusya ilişkilerinin geleceğini Realist bir perspektiften değerlendirmeyi ve “ekonomik müttefiklik” ilişki biçiminin “stratejik müttefiklik” ilişki biçimine dönüşüp dönüşemeyeceğini analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Türkiye-Rusya İlişkileri Realizm Ekonomik Müttefiklik Stratejik Müttefiklik Ak Parti

Kaynakça

  • AA. (2016, August 08). Erdogan, Putin talks expected to boost trade ties. Date of Accession: August 04, 2019, from https://www.aa.com.tr/en/info/infographic/1655.
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  • Çomak, H., Şeker, B. Ş. (2018). Putin doktrini ve Rus şavaş stratejisinin değerlendirilmesi. In H. Çomak, C. Sancaktar, V. Tatar & B. Ş. Şeker (Eds.) Karadeniz jeopolitiği (pp. 231-240). İstanbul: Beta Yayıncılık.
  • Derman, G. S. (2018/a). Rusya Federasyonu’nun Karadeniz bölge politikası ve yeni güç dengeleri. In H. Çomak, C. Sancaktar, V. Tatar, B. Ş. Şeker (Eds.) Karadeniz jeopolitiği (pp. 147-162). İstanbul: Beta Yayıncılık.
  • Derman, G. S. (2018/b). Rusya’nın Kırım’ı işgal ve ilhakı bağlamında Türkiye’nin Ukrayna ve Rusya Federasyonu ile ilişkileri. In H. Çomak, C. Sancaktar, V. Tatar, B. Ş. Şeker (Eds.) Karadeniz jeopolitiği (pp. 1223-1238). İstanbul: Beta Yayıncılık. Dwivedi, S. S. (2012). Alliances in international relations theory. International Journal of Social Science & Interdisciplinary Research, Vol.1, Issue: 8, August 2012, 224-237.
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  • Kadir Has University Center for Turkish Studies. (2019). Research on public perceptions on Turkish foreign policy – 2019. Date of Accession: 04.08.2019 from https://www.khas.edu.tr/tr/node/5513.
  • Kakışım, C. (2019). Karşılıklı bağımlılık kapsamında Türkiye-Rusya enerji ilişkilerinin analizi. International Journal of Political Science & Urban Studies, Vol. 7, no: 1, March 2019, 67-89.
  • Karakuş, A. (2017, March 14). Rus gelin sayısı 105 bini geçti. Milliyet. Date of Accession: August 04, 2019, from http://www.milliyet.com.tr/yazarlar/abdullah-karakus/rus-gelin-sayisi-105-bini-gecti-2413038.
  • Kasapoğlu, C. (2017, October 31). Türkiye-Azerbaycan: Savunma iş birliğinden askeri ittifaka. AA. Date of Accession: August 04, 2019, from https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/analiz-haber/turkiye-azerbaycan-savunma-is-birliginden-askeri-ittifaka/952323.
  • Kelkitli, A. F. (2017). Turkish–Russian relations: Competition and cooperation in Eurasia. New York: Routledge.
  • Kireyev, S. (2004). George Liska’s realist alliance theory, and the transformation of NATO. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Political Science in the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida.
  • Köstem, S. (2018). The political economy of Turkish-Russian relations: Dynamics of asymmetric interdependence. Perceptions, Summer 2018, Vol. XXIII, no: 2, 10-32.
  • Kratochvil, P. (2007). George Liska and political realism: On the tension between history and structure, and between norms and power. Journal of International Relations and Development, 10, 97-121.
  • Liska, G. (1962). Nations in alliance: The limits of interdependence. Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins Press.
  • Metin, B. (2012). Turk-Soviet cultural relationships (1925-1935). Uluslararası Politika Akademisi, Date of Accession: July 22, 2019, from http://politikaakademisi.org/2012/07/23/turk-soviet-cultural-relationships-1925-1935/.
  • Önsoy, M. (2014). Caught on the horns of a diplomatic dilemma: The Ukranian crisis and Turkey’s response. Südosteuropa, 62, H. 2, 250-264.
  • Örmeci, O., Kısacık, S. (2018). Rusya siyaseti ve Rus dış politikası: Teorik çerçeve-tarihsel arka plan-örnek olaylar. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Özbay, F. (2011). Soğuk savaş sonrası Türkiye-Rusya ilişkileri: 1992-2010. Bilge Strateji, Vol. 2, no: 4, Spring 2011, 35-77.
  • Özçelik, S. (2018). Kırım 2014 işgaline karşı Kırım Tatarları ve Türkiye’nin politikaları ve yaklaşımları. In H. Çomak, C. Sancaktar, V. Tatar & B. Ş. Şeker (Eds.) Karadeniz jeopolitiği (pp. 1199-1222). İstanbul: Beta Yayıncılık.
  • Republic of Turkey Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources. (2019). Natural gas pipelines and projects. Date of Accession: July 22, 2019, from https://www.enerji.gov.tr/en-US/Pages/Natural-Gas-Pipelines-and-Projects.
  • Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs/a. Policy of zero problems with our neighbors. Date of Accession: July 31, 2019, from http://www.mfa.gov.tr/policy-of-zero-problems-with-our-neighbors.en.mfa.
  • Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs/b. Turkey´s political relations with Russian Federation. Date of Accession: July 23, 2019, from http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkey_s-political-relations-with-russian-federation.en.mfa.
  • Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs/c. Türkiye-Rusya ilişkileri. Date of Accession: July 26, 2019, from http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye-rusya-siyasi-iliskileri.tr.mfa.
  • Reuters. (2015, November 30). Factbox: Impact of Russian sanctions on trade ties with Turkey. Date of Accession: July 23, 2019, from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-russia-turkey-ties-fac/factbox-impact-of-russian-sanctions-on-trade-ties-with-turkey-idUSKBN0TJ1JQ20151130#vQStjCEmfD7MiYHz.97.
  • RT. (2019, April 12). US lets 3 NATO allies use Russian SAMs, but why is it so spooked over Turkey’s S-400 deal? Date of Accession: August 04, 2019, from https://www.rt.com/news/456342-s300-nato-countries-turkey/.
  • Rubin, B., Kirişçi, K. (2001). Turkey in World politics: An emerging multiregional power. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • Rus gelinler Şam’ı Moskova’ya bağlıyor. (2012, July 4). Milliyet. Date of Accession: August 04, 2019, from http://www.milliyet.com.tr/dunya/rus-gelinler-sam-i-moskova-ya-bagliyor-1562405.
  • 'Rus gelinlerin sayısı artsın istiyorum'. (2012, January 27). Hürriyet. Date of Accession: August 04, 2019, from http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/rus-gelinlerin-sayisi-artsin-istiyorum-19785998.
  • Rus Türk İşadamları Birliği. (2019). Rusya inşaat sektöründeki gelişmeler ve Türk firmaları, Şubat 2019. Date of Accession: August 04, 2019, from https://www.rtib.org/cms-uploads/in%C5%9Faat-rusya-1.pdf.
  • Rusya'dan Türkiye'ye yeni teklif! Rus Su-35 mi, Amerikan F-35 mi daha güçlü? (2019, July 18). Takvim. Date of Accession: August 04, 2019, from https://www.takvim.com.tr/galeri/dunya/iste-f-35lerin-bir-numarali-rakibi-su-57-rus-su-57-mi-amerikan-f-35-mi-daha-guclu.
  • Sharkov, D. (2016, February 10). Syrian Kurds open office in Moscow, as Russia-Turkey row continues. Newsweek. Date of Accession: August 04, 2019, from https://www.newsweek.com/syrian-kurds-open-office-moscow-russia-turkey-row-continues-425177.
  • Smith, S., Hadfield, A. & Dunne, T. (Eds.) (2011). Foreign Policy: Theories, actors, cases. Oxford University Press.
  • Sputnik Türkiye. (2017, July 22). Türkiye ile Ukrayna arasındaki askeri iş birliğinden neler beklenebilir? Date of Accession: August 04, 2019, from https://tr.sputniknews.com/savunma/201707221029389860-turkiye-ukrayna-asker-isbirligi/.
  • Sputnik Türkiye. (2018/a, August 07). 2018 yılının ilk yarısında Rusya ile Türkiye arasındaki ticaret hacmi. Date of Accession: July 26, 2019, from https://tr.sputniknews.com/infografik/201808071034648296-rusya-turkiye-ticaret-ihracat-ithalat/.
  • Sputnik Türkiye. (2018/b, August 07). Türkiye ile Rusya arasındaki ticaret hacmi yüzde 37 arttı. Date of Accession: July 26, 2019, from https://tr.sputniknews.com/ekonomi/201808071034646616-turkiye-rusya-arasinda-ticaret-hacmi-yuzde-artti/.
  • Stavridis, J. (2019, July 19). Kicking Turkey out of NATO would be a gift to Putin. The Moscow Times. Date of Accession: August 04, 2019, from https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/07/19/kicking-turkey-out-of-nato-would-be-a-gift-to-putin-a66484.
  • Şenerdem, E. (2015, November 25). 5 grafikte Türkiye - Rusya ekonomik ilişkileri. BBC Türkçe. Date of Accession: July 26, 2019, from https://www.bbc.com/turkce/ekonomi/2015/11/151125_turkiye_rusya_ekonomi.
  • Telli, A. (2017). Rusya-Türkiye ilişkilerinde Akkuyu’nun rolü: Bağımlılık mı, karşılıklı bağımlılık mı? Alternatif Politika, December 2017, 156-181.
  • The Defense Post. (2019, July 18). Turkey excluded from F-35 stealth jet program after S-400 deliveries from Russia. Date of Accession: August 04, 2019, from https://thedefensepost.com/2019/07/18/turkey-f-35-program-excluded/.
  • The Moscow Times. (2016, December 19). Putin says assassination of Russian ambassador in Turkey was a ‘provocation’. Date of Accession: August 04, 2019, from https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2016/12/19/putin-says-assassination-of-russian-ambassador-in-turkey-was-a-provocation-a56584.
  • The Moscow Times. (2018, July 23). Russia ships $200M in military arms to ally Armenia. Date of Accession: August 04, 2019, from https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2018/07/23/russia-ships-200-million-military-arms-ally-armenia-a62318.
  • Tol, G. (2017, December 19). Why is Turkey silent on Russia’s cooperation with the Syrian Kurds? War on the Rocks. Date of Accession: August 04, 2019, from https://warontherocks.com/2017/12/why-is-turkey-silent-on-russias-cooperation-with-the-syrian-kurds/.
  • Topsakal, İ. (2016). Tarihsel süreçte Rusya-Türkiye ilişkileri. Marmara Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, Vol. III, no: 2, Fall 2016, 33-53.
  • Turkey, Russia seek new ways to reach $100B in bilateral trade. (2019, April 09). Daily Sabah. Date of Accession: August 04, 2019, from https://www.dailysabah.com/business/2019/04/09/turkey-russia-seek-new-ways-to-reach-100b-in-bilateral-trade.
  • TÜİK. Dış Ticaret İstatistikleri. Date of Accession: January 26, 2020, from https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/disticaretapp/menu.zul.
  • UN News. (2018). Syria: UN-backed watchdog says chemical weapon ‘likely used’ in February attack. Date of Accession: August 04, 2019, from https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/05/1009862.
  • Uzun, S. (2018, Auguat 23). ‘Küçük Moskova’ rekora gidiyor. Hürriyet. Date of Accession: August 04, 2019, from http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/yerel-haberler/antalya/kucuk-moskova-rekora-gidiyor-40935473.
  • Viotti, P. R., Kauppi, M. (1999). International relations theory: Realism, pluralism, globalism, and beyond Third Edition. Allyn and Bacon.
  • World Bulletin. (2017, February 09). Russia: we don't view PKK or YPG as terrorists... Date of Accession: August 04, 2019, from https://www.worldbulletin.net/europe/russia-we-dont-view-pkk-or-ypg-as-terrorists-h184484.html.
  • Yetkin, M. (2016). Türk-Rus krizini bitiren gizli diplomasinin öyküsü. Date of Accession: January 27, 2020, from http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/yazarlar/murat-yetkin/turk-rus-krizini-bitiren-gizli-diplomasinin-oykusu-40185705.
  • Yılmaz, S., Yakşi, A. (2016). Osmanlı Devleti’nden günümüze Türk-Rus ilişkileri. TYB Akademi, Year: 6, no: 17, May 2016, 9-57.
Toplam 66 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Siyaset Bilimi, Uluslararası İlişkiler
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ozan Örmeci 0000-0001-8850-6089

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Ocak 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Örmeci, O. (2020). Turkish-Russian Relations During AK Parti Rule: Could Economic Partnership Transform into a Strategic Partnership? A Realistic Outlook. International Journal of Economics Administrative and Social Sciences, 2(2), 126-145.
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