İnceleme Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Terör Saldırıları Sonrası Oy Verme Davranışındaki Psikolojik Faktörlerin İncelenmesi

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 49 - 62, 26.12.2020

Emre Lale , Tolga Gitmez

Öz

Son otuz yıldır, birçok ülke farklı terör örgütleri ve metotlarıyla mücadele etmektedir. Terör saldırılarının günlük hayatımıza etkisi kolayca görülebilse de, bu saldırıların seçimler gibi demokrasinin unsurları üzerinde derin bir etkisi olabilir. Bu çalışma, terör eylemleri ve seçim sonuçları üzerine bulguları derlemeyi ve olası değişimleri açıklamaya çalışmayı amaçlamaktadır. Mevcut bulgular, İspanya, Türkiye, İsrail ve Fransa’da gerçekleşen vakaları sunmaktadır. Bu vakaların bağlamlarının, seçim sonuçlarının ve farklı oy verme modellerinin incelenmesinin ardından bayrak etrafında toplanma etkisinin görevdeki partilere artan desteği açıklayabileceğini öne sürüyor ve farklı duyguların görevdeki parti üzerindeki olası etkilerini tartışıyoruz.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Terör Saldırıları Seçim Sonuçları Bayrak Etrrafında Toplanma Etkisi Oy Verme Modelleri Oy Verme Davranışları

Kaynakça

  • Anderson, C. J. (2000). Economic voting and political context: A comparative perspective. Electoral Studies, 19(2–3), 151–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-3794(99)00045-1
  • Antunes, R. (2010). Theoretical models of voting behaviour. Exedra. 4. 145-170.
  • Bailey, A. K., Drury, M. B., & Grandy, H. (2019). Student veterans’ academic performance before and after the post–9/11 GI Bill. Armed Forces and Society, 45(1), 101–121. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327X17737283
  • Baker, W. D., & Oneal, J. R. (2001). Patriotism or opinion leadership? Journal of Conflict Resolution, 45(5), 661–687. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002701045005006
  • Bali, V. A. (2007). Terror and elections: Lessons from Spain. Electoral Studies, 26(3), 669–687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2007.04.004
  • Berelson, B. R., Lazarsfeld, P. F. & Mcphee, W. N. (1954). Voting: a study of opinion formation in a presidential campaign. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
  • Berrebi, C., & Klor, E. F. (2008). Are voters sensitive to terrorism? Direct evidence from the israeli electorate. American Political Science Review, 102(3), 279–301. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055408080246
  • Birnir, J. K., & Gohdes, A. (2018). Voting in the shadow of violence: electoral politics and conflict in peru. Journal of Global Security Studies, 3(2), 181–197. https://doi.org/10.1093/jogss/ogy001
  • Brader, T. (2005). Striking a responsive chord: How political ads motivate and persuade voters by appealing to emotions. American Journal of Political Science, 49(2), 388–405. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0092-5853.2005.00130.x
  • Brodeur, A. (2018). The effect of terrorism on employment and consumer sentiment: Evidence from successful and failed terror attacks. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 10(4), 246–282. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.20160556
  • Caliskan, K. (2017). Explaining the end of military tutelary regime and the July 15 coup attempt in Turkey. Journal of Cultural Economy, 10(1), 97–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/17530350.2016.1260628
  • Campbell, A., Converse, P. E., Miller, W. E. & Stokes, D. E. (1960). The american voter. New York: Willey.
  • Chatagnier, J. T. (2012). The effect of trust in government on rallies ’round the flag. Journal of Peace Research, 49(5), 631–645. doi: 10.1177/0022343312440808
  • Cooper, H. H. A. (2001). Terrorism: Terrorism: The problem of definition revisited. American Behavioral Scientist, 44(6), 881–893. https://doi.org/10.1177/00027640121956575
  • Crenshaw, M. (2000). The psychology of terrorism: An agenda for the 21st century. Political Psychology, 21(2), 405–420. https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00195
  • Downs, A. (1957). An economic theory of democracy. New York: Harper Collins Publishers.
  • Dugan, L., Huang, J. Y., LaFree, G., & McCauley, C. (2008). Sudden desistance from terrorism: The Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia and the Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide. Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict, 1(3), 231–249. https://doi.org/10.1080/17467580902838227
  • Enders, W., & Sandler, T. (2020). Patterns of Transnational Terrorism , 1970-1999 : Alternative Time-Series Estimates Published by : Wiley on behalf of The International Studies Association Stable URL : https://www.jstor.org/stable/3096066 Patterns of Transnational Terrorism , 1970-1999 : 46(2), 145–165.
  • Elçi, E. (2019). The rise of populism in Turkey: a content analysis. Journal of Southeast European and Black Sea, 19(3), 387–408. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683857.2019.1656875
  • Erişen, E. (2013). The impact of party identification and socially supplied disagreement on electoral choices in turkey. Turkish Studies, 14(1), 53–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2013.766982
  • Esen, B., & Gümüşçü, Ş. (2017). A Small Yes for Presidentialism: The Turkish Constitutional Referendum of April 2017. South European Society and Politics, 22(3), 303–326. https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2017.1384341
  • Gaibulloev, K., & Sandler, T. (2009). The impact of terrorism and conflicts on growth in Asia. Economics & Politics, 21(3), 359–383. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0343.2009.00347.x
  • Gallego, J. (2018). Civil conflict and voting behavior: Evidence from Colombia. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 35(6), 601–621. https://doi.org/10.1177/0738894218788362
  • Gassebner, M., Jong-A-Pin, R., & Mierau, J. O. (2008). Terrorism and electoral accountability: One strike, you’re out! Economics Letters, 100(1), 126–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2007.12.011
  • Getmansky, A., & Zeitzoff, T. (2014). Terrorism and voting: The effect of rocket threat on voting in Israeli elections. American Political Science Review, 108(3), 588–604. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055414000288
  • Goodwin, J. (2017). A Theory of Categorical Terrorism Author ( s ): Jeff Goodwin Published by : Oxford University Press Stable URL : http://www.jstor.org/stable/3844488 All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms. Social Forces Oxford Journals, 84(4), 2027–2046.
  • Heath-Kelly, C., & Strausz, E. (2019). The banality of counterterrorism “after, after 9/11”? Perspectives on the Prevent duty from the UK health care sector. Critical Studies on Terrorism, 12(1), 89–109. https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2018.1494123
  • Hetherington, M., & Nelson, M. (2003). Anatomy of a rally effect: George W. Bush and the war on terrorism. PS: Political Science & Politics, 36(1), 37-42. doi:10.1017/S1049096503001665
  • Hetherington, M., & Suhay, E. (2011). Authoritarianism, threat, and Americans’ support for the war on terror. American Journal of Political Science, 55(3), 546–560. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2011.00514.x
  • Huddy, L., Feldman, S., Taber, C., & Lahav, G. (2005). Threat, anxiety, and support of antiterrorism policies. American Journal of Political Science, 49, 593–608.
  • Joshi, M., & Mason, T. D. (2008). Between democracy and revolution: Peasant support for insurgency versus democracy in Nepal. Journal of Peace Research, 45(6), 765–782. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343308096155
  • Katz, E. & Lazarsfeld, P. F. (1955). Personal influence: the part played by people in the flow of mass communications. Glencoe, IL: Free Press
  • Keen, D. (2006). War without end? Magic, propaganda and the hidden functions of counter-terror. Journal of International Development, 18(1), 87–104. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.1264
  • Kernell, S. (1978). Explaining presidential popularity. American Political Science Review, 72(2), 506–522. https://doi.org/10.2307/1954107
  • Kibris, A. (2011). Funerals and elections: The effects of terrorism on voting behavior in Turkey. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 55(2), 220–247. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002710383664
  • Kydd, A., & Walter, B. F. (2002). Sabotaging the peace: The politics of extremist violence. International Organization, 56(2), 263–296. https://doi.org/10.1162/002081802320005487
  • Lambert, A. J., Khan, S., Lickel, B., & Fricke, K. (1997). Mood and the correction of positive versus negative stereotypes. Journal of Personalityand Social Psychology, 2, 1002–1116.
  • Lambert, A. J., Scherer, L. D., Schott, J. P., Olson, K. R., Andrews, R. K., O’Brien, T. C., & Zisser, A. R. (2010). Rally Effects, Threat, and Attitude Change: An Integrative Approach to Understanding the Role of Emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(6), 886–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019086
  • Lazarsfeld, P. F., Berelson, B. & Gaudet, H. (1944). The people’s choice: how the voter makes up his mind in a presidential campaign. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • LeVan, A. C., Page, M. T., & Ha, Y. (2018). From terrorism to talakawa: explaining party turnover in Nigeria’s 2015 elections. Review of African Political Economy, 45(157), 432–450. https://doi.org/10.1080/03056244.2018.1456415
  • Lin, A. (2020). Muslims in a post‐9/11 America: A survey of attitudes and beliefs and their implications for U.S. National Security Policy by Rachel M. Gillum. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 2018. 248 pp. $75.00. Political Science Quarterly, 135(1), 164–165. https://doi.org/10.1002/polq.13013
  • Marcus, G. E., & MacKuen, M. B. (1993). Anxiety, enthusiasm and the vote: The emotional underpinnings of learning and involvement during presidential campaigns. American Political Science Review, 87(3), 688–701.
  • Marcus, G. E., Neuman, W. R., & MacKuen, M. (2000). Affective intelligence and political judgment. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Matthew, R., & Shambaugh, G. (2005). The pendulum effect: Explaining shifts in the democratic response to terrorism. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 5(1), 223–233. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-2415.2005.00068.x
  • McPherson, A. (2019). Caribbean Taliban: Cuban American terrorism in the 1970s. Terrorism and Political Violence, 31(2), 390–409. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2018.1530988
  • Mencet, M. S. (2017). Üniversite Öğrencilerinin 15 Temmuz Algısında Medyanın Rolü: Bir Bi̇li̇şsel Uyum(Suzluk) Örneği̇. Marmara İletişim Dergisi, 2(28), 131–148. https://doi.org/10.17829/midr.20172833781
  • Merolla, J. L., & Zechmeister, E. J. (2009). Terrorist threat, leadership, and the vote: Evidence from three experiments. Political Behavior, 31(4), 575–601. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-009-9091-3
  • Mueller, J. E. (1970). Presidential popularity from Truman to Johnson. The American Political Science Review, 64(1), 18–34.
  • Radil, S. M., & Castan Pinos, J. (2019). Reexamining the four waves of modern terrorism: a territorial interpretation. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 0(0), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2019.1657310
  • Shaffer, R. (2019). The Islamic State: history, transnationalism, and implications. Terrorism and Political Violence, 31(4), 883–891. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2019.1621639
  • Staniland, P. (2015). Armed groups and militarized elections. International Studies Quarterly, 59(4), 694–705. https://doi.org/10.1111/isqu.12195
  • Taş, H. (2018). The 15 July abortive coup and post-truth politics in Turkey. Journal of Southeast European and Black Sea, 18(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683857.2018.1452374
  • Valentino, N. A., Hutchings, V. L., Banks, A. J., & Davis, A. K. (2008). Is a worried citizen a good citizen? Emotions, political information seeking, and learning via the internet. Political Psychology, 29, 247–273.
  • Vasilopoulos, P., Marcus, G. E., Valentino, N. A., & Foucault, M. (2019). Fear, anger, and voting for the far right: evidence from the November 13, 2015 Paris terror attacks. Political Psychology, 40(4), 679–704. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12513
  • Yegen, C. (2018). The impact of suicide attacks on voting behavior: The case of November 2015 early elections. Türkiye İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi, (November 2015), 93–114. https://doi.org/10.17829/turcom.471067
  • Yeşilırmak, M. (2018). Decreasing average cost in private schools, existence of majority voting equilibrium, and a policy analysis for Turkey. Review of Economic Design, 22(1–2), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10058-018-0208-1

A Review of Psychological Factors in Voting Behaviour after Terror Attacks

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 49 - 62, 26.12.2020

Emre Lale , Tolga Gitmez

Öz

In the last thirty years, different countries have been struggling with different terrorist organizations and a variety of their methods. Even though the effects of terrorist attacks are in plain sight for our daily lives, those incidents can have a deep impact on the institutions of democracies, such as election. This paper aims to collect different pieces of information from the literature on terror attacks and election results and tries to interpret what factors might explain the change in the election results. The existing literature present cases from Spain, Turkey, Israel, Peru and France. After reviewing those cases, election results and the contexts the attacks took place we argue that different models of voting and rally-round-the-flag effect can be used to explain why incumbent parties may gain support after terror attacks, whereas different emotions can moderate the decreasing support for incumbent parties.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Terror Attacks Election Results Rally Round the Flag Effect Voting Models Voting Behaviour

Kaynakça

  • Anderson, C. J. (2000). Economic voting and political context: A comparative perspective. Electoral Studies, 19(2–3), 151–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-3794(99)00045-1
  • Antunes, R. (2010). Theoretical models of voting behaviour. Exedra. 4. 145-170.
  • Bailey, A. K., Drury, M. B., & Grandy, H. (2019). Student veterans’ academic performance before and after the post–9/11 GI Bill. Armed Forces and Society, 45(1), 101–121. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327X17737283
  • Baker, W. D., & Oneal, J. R. (2001). Patriotism or opinion leadership? Journal of Conflict Resolution, 45(5), 661–687. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002701045005006
  • Bali, V. A. (2007). Terror and elections: Lessons from Spain. Electoral Studies, 26(3), 669–687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2007.04.004
  • Berelson, B. R., Lazarsfeld, P. F. & Mcphee, W. N. (1954). Voting: a study of opinion formation in a presidential campaign. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
  • Berrebi, C., & Klor, E. F. (2008). Are voters sensitive to terrorism? Direct evidence from the israeli electorate. American Political Science Review, 102(3), 279–301. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055408080246
  • Birnir, J. K., & Gohdes, A. (2018). Voting in the shadow of violence: electoral politics and conflict in peru. Journal of Global Security Studies, 3(2), 181–197. https://doi.org/10.1093/jogss/ogy001
  • Brader, T. (2005). Striking a responsive chord: How political ads motivate and persuade voters by appealing to emotions. American Journal of Political Science, 49(2), 388–405. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0092-5853.2005.00130.x
  • Brodeur, A. (2018). The effect of terrorism on employment and consumer sentiment: Evidence from successful and failed terror attacks. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 10(4), 246–282. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.20160556
  • Caliskan, K. (2017). Explaining the end of military tutelary regime and the July 15 coup attempt in Turkey. Journal of Cultural Economy, 10(1), 97–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/17530350.2016.1260628
  • Campbell, A., Converse, P. E., Miller, W. E. & Stokes, D. E. (1960). The american voter. New York: Willey.
  • Chatagnier, J. T. (2012). The effect of trust in government on rallies ’round the flag. Journal of Peace Research, 49(5), 631–645. doi: 10.1177/0022343312440808
  • Cooper, H. H. A. (2001). Terrorism: Terrorism: The problem of definition revisited. American Behavioral Scientist, 44(6), 881–893. https://doi.org/10.1177/00027640121956575
  • Crenshaw, M. (2000). The psychology of terrorism: An agenda for the 21st century. Political Psychology, 21(2), 405–420. https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00195
  • Downs, A. (1957). An economic theory of democracy. New York: Harper Collins Publishers.
  • Dugan, L., Huang, J. Y., LaFree, G., & McCauley, C. (2008). Sudden desistance from terrorism: The Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia and the Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide. Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict, 1(3), 231–249. https://doi.org/10.1080/17467580902838227
  • Enders, W., & Sandler, T. (2020). Patterns of Transnational Terrorism , 1970-1999 : Alternative Time-Series Estimates Published by : Wiley on behalf of The International Studies Association Stable URL : https://www.jstor.org/stable/3096066 Patterns of Transnational Terrorism , 1970-1999 : 46(2), 145–165.
  • Elçi, E. (2019). The rise of populism in Turkey: a content analysis. Journal of Southeast European and Black Sea, 19(3), 387–408. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683857.2019.1656875
  • Erişen, E. (2013). The impact of party identification and socially supplied disagreement on electoral choices in turkey. Turkish Studies, 14(1), 53–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2013.766982
  • Esen, B., & Gümüşçü, Ş. (2017). A Small Yes for Presidentialism: The Turkish Constitutional Referendum of April 2017. South European Society and Politics, 22(3), 303–326. https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2017.1384341
  • Gaibulloev, K., & Sandler, T. (2009). The impact of terrorism and conflicts on growth in Asia. Economics & Politics, 21(3), 359–383. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0343.2009.00347.x
  • Gallego, J. (2018). Civil conflict and voting behavior: Evidence from Colombia. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 35(6), 601–621. https://doi.org/10.1177/0738894218788362
  • Gassebner, M., Jong-A-Pin, R., & Mierau, J. O. (2008). Terrorism and electoral accountability: One strike, you’re out! Economics Letters, 100(1), 126–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2007.12.011
  • Getmansky, A., & Zeitzoff, T. (2014). Terrorism and voting: The effect of rocket threat on voting in Israeli elections. American Political Science Review, 108(3), 588–604. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055414000288
  • Goodwin, J. (2017). A Theory of Categorical Terrorism Author ( s ): Jeff Goodwin Published by : Oxford University Press Stable URL : http://www.jstor.org/stable/3844488 All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms. Social Forces Oxford Journals, 84(4), 2027–2046.
  • Heath-Kelly, C., & Strausz, E. (2019). The banality of counterterrorism “after, after 9/11”? Perspectives on the Prevent duty from the UK health care sector. Critical Studies on Terrorism, 12(1), 89–109. https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2018.1494123
  • Hetherington, M., & Nelson, M. (2003). Anatomy of a rally effect: George W. Bush and the war on terrorism. PS: Political Science & Politics, 36(1), 37-42. doi:10.1017/S1049096503001665
  • Hetherington, M., & Suhay, E. (2011). Authoritarianism, threat, and Americans’ support for the war on terror. American Journal of Political Science, 55(3), 546–560. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2011.00514.x
  • Huddy, L., Feldman, S., Taber, C., & Lahav, G. (2005). Threat, anxiety, and support of antiterrorism policies. American Journal of Political Science, 49, 593–608.
  • Joshi, M., & Mason, T. D. (2008). Between democracy and revolution: Peasant support for insurgency versus democracy in Nepal. Journal of Peace Research, 45(6), 765–782. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343308096155
  • Katz, E. & Lazarsfeld, P. F. (1955). Personal influence: the part played by people in the flow of mass communications. Glencoe, IL: Free Press
  • Keen, D. (2006). War without end? Magic, propaganda and the hidden functions of counter-terror. Journal of International Development, 18(1), 87–104. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.1264
  • Kernell, S. (1978). Explaining presidential popularity. American Political Science Review, 72(2), 506–522. https://doi.org/10.2307/1954107
  • Kibris, A. (2011). Funerals and elections: The effects of terrorism on voting behavior in Turkey. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 55(2), 220–247. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002710383664
  • Kydd, A., & Walter, B. F. (2002). Sabotaging the peace: The politics of extremist violence. International Organization, 56(2), 263–296. https://doi.org/10.1162/002081802320005487
  • Lambert, A. J., Khan, S., Lickel, B., & Fricke, K. (1997). Mood and the correction of positive versus negative stereotypes. Journal of Personalityand Social Psychology, 2, 1002–1116.
  • Lambert, A. J., Scherer, L. D., Schott, J. P., Olson, K. R., Andrews, R. K., O’Brien, T. C., & Zisser, A. R. (2010). Rally Effects, Threat, and Attitude Change: An Integrative Approach to Understanding the Role of Emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(6), 886–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019086
  • Lazarsfeld, P. F., Berelson, B. & Gaudet, H. (1944). The people’s choice: how the voter makes up his mind in a presidential campaign. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • LeVan, A. C., Page, M. T., & Ha, Y. (2018). From terrorism to talakawa: explaining party turnover in Nigeria’s 2015 elections. Review of African Political Economy, 45(157), 432–450. https://doi.org/10.1080/03056244.2018.1456415
  • Lin, A. (2020). Muslims in a post‐9/11 America: A survey of attitudes and beliefs and their implications for U.S. National Security Policy by Rachel M. Gillum. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 2018. 248 pp. $75.00. Political Science Quarterly, 135(1), 164–165. https://doi.org/10.1002/polq.13013
  • Marcus, G. E., & MacKuen, M. B. (1993). Anxiety, enthusiasm and the vote: The emotional underpinnings of learning and involvement during presidential campaigns. American Political Science Review, 87(3), 688–701.
  • Marcus, G. E., Neuman, W. R., & MacKuen, M. (2000). Affective intelligence and political judgment. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Matthew, R., & Shambaugh, G. (2005). The pendulum effect: Explaining shifts in the democratic response to terrorism. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 5(1), 223–233. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-2415.2005.00068.x
  • McPherson, A. (2019). Caribbean Taliban: Cuban American terrorism in the 1970s. Terrorism and Political Violence, 31(2), 390–409. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2018.1530988
  • Mencet, M. S. (2017). Üniversite Öğrencilerinin 15 Temmuz Algısında Medyanın Rolü: Bir Bi̇li̇şsel Uyum(Suzluk) Örneği̇. Marmara İletişim Dergisi, 2(28), 131–148. https://doi.org/10.17829/midr.20172833781
  • Merolla, J. L., & Zechmeister, E. J. (2009). Terrorist threat, leadership, and the vote: Evidence from three experiments. Political Behavior, 31(4), 575–601. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-009-9091-3
  • Mueller, J. E. (1970). Presidential popularity from Truman to Johnson. The American Political Science Review, 64(1), 18–34.
  • Radil, S. M., & Castan Pinos, J. (2019). Reexamining the four waves of modern terrorism: a territorial interpretation. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 0(0), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2019.1657310
  • Shaffer, R. (2019). The Islamic State: history, transnationalism, and implications. Terrorism and Political Violence, 31(4), 883–891. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546553.2019.1621639
  • Staniland, P. (2015). Armed groups and militarized elections. International Studies Quarterly, 59(4), 694–705. https://doi.org/10.1111/isqu.12195
  • Taş, H. (2018). The 15 July abortive coup and post-truth politics in Turkey. Journal of Southeast European and Black Sea, 18(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683857.2018.1452374
  • Valentino, N. A., Hutchings, V. L., Banks, A. J., & Davis, A. K. (2008). Is a worried citizen a good citizen? Emotions, political information seeking, and learning via the internet. Political Psychology, 29, 247–273.
  • Vasilopoulos, P., Marcus, G. E., Valentino, N. A., & Foucault, M. (2019). Fear, anger, and voting for the far right: evidence from the November 13, 2015 Paris terror attacks. Political Psychology, 40(4), 679–704. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12513
  • Yegen, C. (2018). The impact of suicide attacks on voting behavior: The case of November 2015 early elections. Türkiye İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi, (November 2015), 93–114. https://doi.org/10.17829/turcom.471067
  • Yeşilırmak, M. (2018). Decreasing average cost in private schools, existence of majority voting equilibrium, and a policy analysis for Turkey. Review of Economic Design, 22(1–2), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10058-018-0208-1
Toplam 56 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Emre Lale 0000-0001-6379-7270

Tolga Gitmez 0000-0002-0189-868X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Aralık 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Lale, E., & Gitmez, T. (2020). A Review of Psychological Factors in Voting Behaviour after Terror Attacks. International Journal of Economics Administrative and Social Sciences, 3(2), 49-62.
 Kapak Resmi İndir